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" 's;^25ax g -• o 5 iSNi;^NVIN0SHillNS^S3 I ava a Il'^LI B RAR I ES^SMITHSONIAN"'lNSTITUTION m I ^ CO *^^j/,SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOlifliliSNI NVINOSHilWs'^Sa I a Va 8 IT s < r. S ^ i ^ ^ < LSNI NVIN0SHillAIS^S3 I ^ Vil 8 n_LI B R AR I Es'^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION ^ CO tJ ><;*5TiTn>>v 2 ^ o I a n;;|i THE JOURHAL ©F RESEARCH OH THE LERIJOORTERA Established in 1962 Founded by William Hovanitz Edited by Rudolf H. T. Mattoni Volume 19 1980 published by The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc. at 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105 Volume 19 Number 1 Spring, 1980(81) IN THIS ISSUE Date of Publication: September 7, 1981 Butterflies of Clark County, Nevada George T. & Anna T. Austin 1 Book Review 64 Cover Illustration: Black and white adaptation of a color illustration from A Flight of Butterflies. Reprint permission given by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY. Volume 19 Number 2 Summer, 1980(81) m THIS ISSUE Date of Publication: September 7, 1981 Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, in Kem County, California: Integrated Control and Biological Notes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) Dennis M. Poore 65 Moths of North America North of Mexico, Supplemental literature: 1 J. C. E. Riotte 68 Acknowledgment 7 1 Demonstration of Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms in Callosamia (Satumiidae) by Artificial Hybridization Richard S. Peigler 72 Canalization of the Phenotype of Nymphalis antiopa (Lepdioptera: Nymphalidae) from Subartic and Montane Climates Arthur M. Shapiro 82 Aberrant New Mexican Butterflies Richard Holland 88 Diapause in Various Populations of Pieris napi L. from Different Parts of the British Isles E. Lees & D. M. Archer 96 Cover Illustration: Pen and ink rendering of C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 by Robin Jarrett of Los Angeles, CA. See R. Peigler article, page 72. Volume 19 Number 3 Autumn, 1980(81) IN THIS ISSUE Date of Publication: November 20, 1981 A Revision of the American Genus Anisota (Saturniidae) J. C. E. Riotte & Richard S. Peigler 101 Cover Illustration: Scanning electron micrograph of A. peigleri larval integu- ment. Scale = 22 mm:l mm. See page 170, this issue. Volume 19 Number 4 Winter, 1980(81) IN THIS ISSUE Date of Publication: November 20, 1981 Enzyme Electrophoretic Studies on the Genetic Relation- ships of Pierid Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) I. European Taxa H. J. Geiger 181 A New Tortyra from Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) John B. Heppner 196 Troidine Swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in South- eastern Brazil: Natural History and Foodplant Relationships Keith S. Brown, Antoni J. Damman & Paul Feeny 199 Karyology of Three Indian Lasiocampid Moths (Lepidoptera) P. K. Mohanty & B. Nayak 227 Illustrations and Descriptions of some Species of Pyrrhopyginae from Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia (Hesperiidae) S. S. Nicolay & G. B. Small, Jr. 230 Errata: Scott 240 Book Review 241 Index: Volume 19 245 Cover Illustration: Left to right’,' pupae of Battus polydamas, Parides bunichus, P. anchises nephalion, P. agavus and P. proneus, three views. 5'96" 1G05 Published By: The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc, c/o Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road Santa Barbara, California 93105 Founder: William Hovanitz Editorial Staff: Rudolf H. T. Mattoni, Editor Lorraine L. Rothman, Managing Editor Scott E. Miller, Assistant Editor Associate Editors: Thomas Emmel, U.S.A. Arthur Shapiro, U.S.A. Brian O. C. Gardiner, England Bjorn Petersen, Sweden Otakar Kudma, Germany Ichiro Nakamura, U.S.A. Miguel R. Gomez Bustillo, Spain Manuscripts may be sent to the Editor at: 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 (213) 274-1052 Notices Material may be sent to the Managing Editor. The JOURNAL is sent to all members of the FOUNDATION. Classes of Membership: Regular $12 year (volume) Regular outside U.S.A. $15 year (volume) Family $15 year (volume) Contributing $25 or more, year (volume) Subscriptions to the Journal are $15.00 per year. Special subscriptions are available to students at $10.00 per year, limited to a 5-year period. Any contributions above $15.00 to the Journal are tax-deductible. Please make application from the Secretary-Treasurer. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON THE LEPIDOPTERA is published four times a year, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, by THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. The office of the publication and the general business office are located at 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105. The publisher is THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. The Editor is R. H. T. Mattoni at the above Beverly Hills address. The Secretary-Treasurer is Barbara Jean Hovanitz at the general business office. All matters pertaining to membership, dues, and subscriptions should be addressed to her, including inquiry concerning mailing, missing issues, change of address, and reprints. The owner is THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC., a non-profit organization incorporated under the laws of the State of California in 1965. The President is R. H. T. Mattoni, the Vice President is John Emmel, the Secretary-Treasurer is Barbara Jean Hovanitz. The Board of Directors is comprised of R. A. Arnold, Barbara Jean Hovanitz, and R. H. T. Mattoni. There are no bond holders, mortgages, or other security holders. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) Butterflies of Clark County, Nevada George T. Austin and Anna T. Austin Nevada State Museum, Capitol Complex, Carson City, Nevada 89710 and 5077 Eugene Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89108 Abstract. Clark County, the southernmost area of Nevada is in the northern portion of the Mojave Desert. This area is topographically diverse and with several distinct biotic communities. The butterfly fauna is also diverse with 125 taxa recorded within the county. Of these, at least 15 are non-resident strays. Five subspecies of widely ranging polytypic species are endemic. Over forty percent of the species have distributions mainly in the North American deserts; most of the remaining species are more widespread. Butterflies have been recorded in all months but are most abundant from May through July. Of the species for which voltinism is known, more than one -third are univoltine, one -fifth are bivoltine and the remainder are multivoltine. The number of broods varies somewhat with habitat and elevations and, in some species, on the occurrence of summer rainfall. Introduction The distribution and occurrence of butterflies in Nevada are poorly kno^ and there is very little literature pertaining to the state’s butterfly fauna (Field et al 1974). The only regional list is for the Carson Range in the western part of the state (Herlan 1962). There is also a recent list of the species known from the state (Haijes 1980). The butterfly fauna of adjacent California is known for the Mojave Desert in southeastern Califomia (Emmel and Emmel 1973). Those of adjacent Arizona and Utah are known less weU (Haskin 1914, Tidwell and Callaghan 1972). Nevada records are largely scattered through the literature, listed in the seasonal summaries published by the Lepidopterists’ Society, in the Nevada State Museum and in various other collections. We have resided in Las Vegas continuously since 1961. Our records and those of others who have lived in or visited the area are now sufficient to allow publication of an account and analysis of the county’s butterflies. Our private collection forms the basis for this report. In addition, the senior author has examined in whole or part several collections and has 2 J. Res. Lepid. corresponded with others who have collected within the state. Over 13,000 specimens were viewed. For each taxon, we briefly discuss what is known of its distribution, phenology and ecology in the county and, where pertinent, taxonomic comments and comparisons. Following this we list specimens examined, other reported occurrences, larval foodplants recorded in Clark County and resources used by adults. Specific records are not listed for many of the veiy common species except for certain species of interest or for unusual distributional or seasonal occurrences. Specimens examined are those actually seen by the senior author in his visits to various collections or those seen while in the field with other collectors (total number given first in parentheses). Numbers, distribution among the sexes and collec- tion are indicated. Additional records include specimens reported to us by other collectors, sight records Gargely by the senior author) and reports in the literature or seasonal summaries of the Lepidopterists’ Society. Specimens in other collections are credited to the person (or institution) who maintains the collection and, if different, the person who reported the specimen to us. Sight records are indicated by an “s” following the observer. Literature citations are presented in the usual form. Records fi'om the seasonal summaries are cited by the year of the summary (summ.) which is normally published in the second number of the News of the Lepidopterists’ Society of the following year with occasional addenda in later numbers. Specimens reported in the summaries that were later seen are included under specimens examined. Foodplant records are those of the authors unless indicated otherwise and are categorized as adult association (adult assoc.), oviposition (ovip.), larvae and, in a few special cases, pupae. Adult resource (flowers, unless indicated otherwise) obser- vations were entirely by the authors. Plant identifications were mostly by botanists at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas; plant nomenclature largely follows Munz and Keck (1963) and Beatley (1976). Time of day is based on the 24 hour clock (PST). Butterfly nomenclature used herein follows dos Passes (1964) and later revisionary works where applicable. All comparisons and taxonomic determinations were made by the senior author. Low elevations generally pertain to “desert” below the Pmon-Juniper belt {ca. 6000') and high elevations are above 6000' in montane woodland and forest. Collections which were examined or from which records were reported are as follows: D. E. Allen (DEA), R. BaMowitz (RB), A. Bean (AB), J. Brock (JB), Carnegie Museum (CM), D. Eff (DE), J. F. Emmel (JFE), C. D. Ferris (CDF), C, F. Gillette (CFG), P. J. Herlan (PJH), H. L. King (HLK), J. Lane (JL), R. L. Langston (RLL), C. S. Lawson (CSL), J. F. Leser (JFL), Los Angeles County Museum (LACM), C. D. MacNeill (CDM), D. Mullins (DM), Nevada State Museum (NSM), F. W. Preston (FWP), K. Roever (KR), J. A. Scott (JAS), O. Shields (OS), R. E. Stanford (RES), K. B. 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 3 Tidwell (KBT), University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), and R. E. Wells (REW). Additional Nevada records were supplied by C. Henne and B. McGuire. A number of specimens, some important, in the Nevada State Museum from the Arrow Canyon Range (apparently west slope off U. S. 93) bear no collection date. The museum card catalog lists the date 13 May 1969 for some of these. We believe the correct date for all these undated specimens to be 14 April 1969 based on (1) 2 Heliopetes ericetorum labeled Arrow Canyon Range, 14 April 1969, (2) the date of 14 April 1969 was reported for certain of these specimens in the 1969 summaiy, (3) other collections were made in Clark Co. on 12 April 1969 (Searchlight, McCullough Mts., Blue Diamond) and (4) no specimens from Clark Co. (except 2 Euphilotes battoides haueri which may be mislabeled) with the date 13 May 1969 could be found in the museum. The only other reference to the 13 May date is of a collection of “P. mojave ” (=P. battoides baueri) in the Delamar Mts., Lincoln Co. (1969 summ.). Description of Clark County Clark County is located in southernmost Nevada in the northern portion of the Mojave Desert. Several distinct biotic communities occur in the county due to great topographic diversity with elevations ranging from about 500' along the Colorado River to nearly 12,000' on Charleston Peak in the Spring (Charleston) Mountains. The biotic communities of southern Nevada were described in some detail by Bradley and Deacon (1965). Important works dealing with plant distribution in the county include Clokey (1951) and Beatley (1976). Brief descriptions of the major vegetative associations follow. Most of Clark County (78%, Bradley 1967) is dominated by xerophytic vegetation. The largest association is the creosote bush community which occurs at elevations below 4200' and is dominated by creosote bush (JLarrea tndentata) and burrobush (Ambrosia dumosa). Numerous other shrub species are subdominant and many species of annual plants occur. At the higher elevations of this association there are often stands of Yucca. Density and diversity of plants tend to increase along desert washes. Along some major washes is a distinctive association of greater stature dominated by mesquites iProsopis spp.) and catclaw {Acacia greggii). At elevations between 4200' and 6000', the desert vegetation is characterized by blackbush (Cokogyne ramosissima) with Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia) as a subdominant in some areas. Elevations between 6000' and 7300' are dominated by a woodland characterized by Pinon (Hnus monophylla) and juniper (Juniperus osteo- sperma) often with an understory of sagebrush {Artemkia spp.). A distinct association including such species as silk-tassel (Garrya flavescem), manzanita {Arctostaphylos pungens) and oak (Quercus gambelli) develops 4 J. Res. Lepid. Fig. 1. Map of Clark County, Nevada, indicating major collecting localities mentioned in the text. Contour lines indicates 6000' (dotted line) and 7500' (solid line) elevations. AC - Arrow Canyon Range CC - Cabin Canyon CN - Corn Creek CP - Cottonwood Pass GC - Grapevine Canyon GS - Goodsprings area KC - Kyle Canyon LC - Lee Canyon LO - Logandale MF - Mormon Farm MM ” McCullough Mountains MS- Mt. Springs Summit OV - Overton area PV - Paradise Valley RC - Red Cloud Mine RD - Red Rock area RR - Railroad Pass SM - Sheep Mountains WC - Willow-Cold Creek area XM - Christmas Tree Pass 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 5 in disturbed areas. At elevations above 7300', there is a forest community composed of Ponderosa Pine (pinus ponderosa) and White Fir (A6ies concolor) at lower elevations and Limber and Bristlecone pines {Hnus flexilis and P. aristata) becoming commoner at higher elevations. Under- story shrubs include current {Ribes spp.), snowberry (Symphoricarpos hngiflorm) and Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius). Other associations include relatively small areas but are important as butterfly habitat. Cultivated and urban areas are found at low elevations, principally in Las Vegas, Virgin and Moapa valleys. Marsh vegetation develops in the presence of permanent water in such areas as Las Vegas Wash, Tule Springs, Com Creek and in Moapa Valley. Distinctive riparian associations develop in the vicinity of permanent water at high elevations, notably at Little Falls in Kyle Canyon and at Willow and Cold creeks in the northern portions of the Spring Range. Meadows also occur in some cleared or naturally open areas at high elevations including the old ski area in Kyle Canyon, along the ridge to Charleston Peak and in the vicinity of the ski area in Lee Canyon. In certain areas, especially on the east slope of the Spring Range in the Red Rocks area, vegetation zonation is depressed in elevation in some deep, cool canyons with permanent water. This results in a unique mixture of vegetation not found in other portions of the county. Annotated List of Species In the following listing where no initials are given it will be assumed that the records were made by G. T., A. T. and E. J. Austin. Otherwise, the record citation will be indicated by the abbreviated collector or collection name. Males and females in the numerical listing are cited as “m” and “f” respectively. The locality citations are abbreviated according to the legend given with Figure 1, Family Megathymidae Agathymm alliae (Stallings Turner) ssp. Locally common only in the vicinity of Agave at middle elevations. The single brood flies from late September to early November. Clark County material belongs to the unnamed eastern Mojave Desert population as illustrated in Emmel and Emmel (1973). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (41) 1 mi. W. MS, 28 Sept. 78 (9 m), 30 Sept. 79 (4 m), 10 Oct. 78 (10 m, 1 f), 11 Oct. 77 (1 m, 3 f), 22 Oct. 77 (5 m, 3 f), 2 Nov. 77 (4 0; CC, 11 Oct. 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 1 mi. W. MS, 1 Oct. 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Agave utahemis Engelm. var. nevademis Engelm. ex Greenm. &. Roush. (Agavaceae): 1 mi. W. MS Oarval tubes). ADULT RESOURCES: m at water. Megathymus yuccae navajo Skinner. Uncommon in the higher desert to about 6000' in stands of Yucca. The flight period is from early March to late May. Clark County material is assigned to the 6 J. Res. Lepid. broad concept of navajo. In a more strict sense, these insects appear closest to M. y. maudae. Stallings, Turner & Stallings. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (15) Newberry Mts., 15 Mar. 69 (1 f, NSM); CC, 13 April 78 (1 f, CSL), 27 April 78 (1 m; 1 m, CSL); CP Rd., 0.6-1. 8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 16 April 79 (2 m, 1 f), 29 April 79 (1 f), 2 May 78 (1 m), 6 May 78 (1 f, CSL), 28 May 78 (1 m);KC 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 26 Apr. 77 (1 m); 1 mi. W. RD Summit, 28 April 77 (1 m, NSM); 2 mi. N. RC, 4 May 78 (1 m); KC Ski Run, 13 May 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Dead Mts., 7 Mar. 67 (PJH); WiUow Spring, 29 Mar. 78 (s); Wilson Pass, 29 Mar. 78 (s); CP to Pahrump Rd., 29 Mar. 78, 20 Apr. 77, 29 Apr. 78, 11 May 78 (s); 2 mi N. RC, 5 Apr. 78 (s); 2 mi, N. Sandy, 5 Apr. 78 (s); Potosi Mine Rd., 8 Apr. 71 (REW); CC, 8 Apr. 77 ^B), 10 May 78 (s); XM, 12 Apr. 78, 20 Apr. 78, 3 May 78 (s); GC, 12 Apr. 78 (s); KC, 9-17 mi. W. U.S. 95, 17 Apr. 66, 18 Apr. 77, 1 May 77, 13 May 78 (s), 28 May 73 (JFL); U.S. 93, 8 mi. N. L15, 20 Apr. 75 (s); GS area, 20 Apr. 75 (JB); RD Summit Rd., 1. 5-1.8 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 24 Apr. 77, 28 Apr. 77 (s); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (s); 1 mi. W. WC, 8 May 78 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Yucca haccata Ton*. (Agavaceae): Spring Mts., 30 Sept. 68 (larvae, 1968 summ.); RD, 25-27 Mar. 78 (pupae, REW); 1 mi. W. WC, 8 May 78 (ovip.). Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies (Agavaceae): RD, 25-27 Mar. 75 (pupae, REW); Charleston Blvd. nr. RD, 25 Nov. 78 (3 larvae in feeding tents, DM). Family Hesperiidae Lerodea eufala (Edwards). Common to abundant in agricultural areas of Las Vegas, Moapa and Virgin valleys with occasional records in the vicinity of desert springs and rarely in open desert (Railroad Pass). The flight period extends from early May through mid November; it becomes increasingly common in successive broods suggesting poor overwinter survival. Four broods were produced at about 45 day intervals in the Logandale area but only 2 or 3 broods in other areas during 1977. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (333) Numerous records for Moapa VaUey with earliest on 7 May (78, 1 m, CSL) and latest on 11 Nov. (77, 3 m, 5 f). Records away from Moapa Valley area: Las Vegas, 19 June 78 (1 m, CSL); MF, Las Vegas, 14 Aug. 77 (1 m), 13 Sept. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 25 Sept. 77 (Im, 3 f), 30 Sept. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 2 Oct. 77 (13 m, 8 f), 13 Oct. 77 (1 m), 16 Oct. 77 (Im), 21 Oct. 77 (2 m), 1 Nov. 77 (1 m); Mesquite, 18 Sept. 72 (3 m, 4 f, NSM); 0.6 mi. W. Blue Diamond, 26 Sept. 77 (1 m); RR, 3 Oct. 77 (1 m); Virgin Mts., 7 Oct. 73 (1 m, 3 f, NSM); CN, 7 Oct. 77 (If). The only high elevation record is for WC, 23 Sept. 77 (1 f). ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea ambigua QAslvaceae); Polygonum lapathi- foUwn (Polygonaceae); Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae) ; MecKcn^o satiw (Fabaceae); HeUanthus annuus, Bebbia juncea, Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae). Atrytonopsis python (Edwards). A single record from Pine Creek is the only one for Nevada. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Pine Creek, 30 June 63 (KR). Ochlodes yuma (Edwards). Locally common in or near stands of Phragmites communis flying in 2 broods with peaks in late June (early June-early August) and in late September (late August early November). It rarely strays far from these situations although it is found commonly in alfalfa fields adjacent to Phragmites stands in Moapa Valley. 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 7 SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (190) Hidden Valley, 7 June 77 (1 m), 15 June 77 (5 m), 27 June 77 (5 m, 2 f), 4 July 77 (2 m), 12 July 77 (1 m), 25 Sept. 66 (1 m);PV, 9 June 79 (1 m, 1 f); Whitney Mesa, 9 June 79 (1 m), 6 Sept. 77 (3 m), 30 Sept 77 (4 m, 2 f), 12 Oct 77 (1 m), 21 Oct. 77 (1 m); CN, 12 June 66 (4 m, 2 f), 22 June 68 (5 m, 8 f), 18 July 66 (6 m, 7 f), 8 Aug. 77 (1 m, 3 f), 1 Sept. 63 (2 m, LACM), 3 Sept. 75 (14 m, NSM), 10 Sept 75 (13 m, NSM), 15 Sept. 64 (4 m, 2 f, NSM), 25 Sept 65 (4 m, NSM), 7 Oct 77 (8 m, 4 f), 14 Oct 77 (3 m, 3 f), 4 Nov. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 12 Nov. 77 (1 f); LO, 15 June 77 (12 m, 4 f), 27 June 77 (10 m, 1 f), 4 July 77 (5 m, 1 f), 12 July 77 (1 0, 30 July 77 (1 m), 23 Aug. 77 (2 m), 9 Oct. 77 (1 m, 4 f), 23 Oct 77 (2 Bowman’s Reservoir, 27 June 77 (1 m); Tule Springs, 4 July 62 (3 m); Clark County, 9 Sept. 76 (1 f, UNLV), 15 Sept. 73 (1 f, UNLV); Arden, 15 Sept 64 (1 f, NSM), 25 Sept 65 (1 m, NSM); Roger’s Spring, 15 Sept. 64 (2 m, NSM); OV, 15 Sept 64 (1 f, NSM); 25 Sept 66 (1 f, NSM), 27 Sept 65 (2 m, NSM); Valley of Fire, 27 Sept 65 (1 m, NSM); Warm Springs, 27 Sept. 65 (1 m, NSM); Las Vegas, 2 Oct 75 (1 m, UNLV), 10 Oct. 70 (1 m, UNLV), 15 Oct 76 (1 f, UNLV). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: LO, 7 June 77 (s), 10 July 72 (1972 summ.); Roger’s Spring, 22 June 65, 25 Sept. 65 (PJH); CN, 22 June 68, 29 June 72 (JFL), 29 June 63 (KR), 31 July 65 (RES), 1 Aug. 65 (RES, JL), 1 Sept 63 (KR); Tule Springs, 29 June 63 (KR); Cold Creek, 29 June 63 (KR); Hidden Valley, 4 Sept 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLi^TS: Phragmites communis Trin. (Gramineae): adult assoc, nearly everywhere found. ADULT RESOURCES: Heiiotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Prosopis pubescens, Medicago sativa (Fabaceae); Solidago spectabilis, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval). Uncommon in agricultural areas of Moapa Valley (one record for Las Vegas Valley) flying in 2 broods during July and October. There are no other Nevada records. Nevada material is consistently smaller than east coast and Texas specimens and tends to be more heavily patterned on the hindwing beneath and the females have considerably more orange above. They appear identical with a small series we have from the Sacramento Valley, CaMomia and may warrant subspecific recognition. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (22) LO, 4 July 77 (1 m), 10 July 68 (3 m), 9 Oct 77 (4 m, 2 f), 16 Oct 77 (3 m, 3 f), 23 Oct 77 (2 m); MF, 2 Oct 77 (1 m); OV, 23 Oct 77 (3 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. ADULT RESOURCES: Medicago sativa (Fabaceae). Polites sabuleti (Boisduval) ssp. Locally common, especially in fall, in agricultural areas and occasionally in low alkali areas. One record for higher elevations at Mt Springs Summit. Flies apparently in three broods in April, June- July and early August to early November. We refrain from placing southern Nevada material in any named race. Our material is highly variable ranging from pale specimens with the hindwing markings beneath nearly lost in the pale ground color which resemble P. s. chusca (Edwards) to dark individuals from the same location and date with the markings on the lower hindwing well developed and thus approaching nominate sabuleti. 8 J. Res. Lepid. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (96) PV, 14 April 77 (1 m, NSM); 10 mi. W. Glendale Jet, 17 April 70 (1 f, NSM); MF, 30 April 77 (1 m), 25 June 77 (1 m, 1 f), 14 Aug. 77 (2 f), 3 Sept 77 (8 m, 3 f), 13 Sept 77 (6 m), 25 Sept 77 (4 m, 2 f), 2 Oct 77 (18 m, 1 1 f), 16 Oct 77 (1 f), (1 f); LO, 17 May 78 (1 m), 10 July 68 (1 m), 4 Sept 66 (1 m), 28 Sept. 67 (1 m, 1 f, NSM), 9 Oct 77 (1 m, 3 f), 16 Oct 77 (1 m, 3 OV, 4 Sept 66 (1 f), 26 Sept 65 (3 m); Bowman’s Reservoir, 7 May 78 (1 f, CSL), 27 Sept 78 (1 m), 29 Sept. 66 (1 f, NSM), 29 Sept 77 (2 m), 27 Oct 65 (3 m, NSM); CN, 15 Sept 64 (8 m, 1 f, NSM); OV, 27 Sept. 78 (1 m); Willow Spring, 24 Oct 65 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: CN, 22 June 68 (KR), 10 Sept 75 (CSL), 7 Oct 77 (s); MS, 30 June 63 (KR); Clark County, 8 Aug. 74 (JAS); LO, 23 Aug. 77, 17 Sept 77, 23 Oct. 77 (s); MF, 24 Aug. 77, 30 Sept 77, 21 Oct 77 (s); GC, 14 Sept 77 (s); Whitney Mesa, 30 Sept 77 (s); OV, 23 Oct. 77, 5 Nov. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Polygonum lapathifolium (Polygonaceae); Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Medicago sativa (Fabaceae); Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae). Polites draco (Edwards). A male from Kyle Canyon is the only record for the state. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: KC, 16 June 77 (J. W. Tilden, det CDM, RES.). Hesperia comma harpalus (Edwards). Not uncommon in the Spring Range from 6000' to 9000'. It flies in apparently two broods from mid May to early August and late August to late October. Spring Range material is large and quite orange above and thus differing from Great Basin populations and possibly showing some influence of H. a susanae Miller. Its double broodedness appears unique among harpalus. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (140) Numerous records especially in KC and the WC area with records between 12 May (1934, Charleston Mts., 1, LACM) and 24 Oct. (1977, KC Ski Run, 1). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: LC, 29 May 50 (MacNeill 1964), Charleston Peak trail, 10,800-11,918', 24 June 68 (JFE, OS); KC, 6768', 30 June 50 (18 m, 12 f, FWP); Deer Creek Rd., 7000', 1 July 50 (4 m, 8 f, FWP); KC Campground, 2 July 78 (s); KC Ski Run, 2 July 78, 25 July 78, 8 Oct. 77 (s); Charleston Park, 8-15 July 28 (MacNeill 1964); LC Ski area, KC, Deer Creek area, 8 Aug, 74 (JAS). ADULT RESOURCES: Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Sarcos- temma cynachoides (Asclepiadaceae); Penstamon palmeri (Scrophulariaceae); ChaerMctis douglasii, Chrysothamnus sp., Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Hesperia nevada (Scudder). A single specimen of the western Great Basin population of this species is known from Clark County. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Charleston Mts., 13 May 31 (MacNeill 1964). Hesperia pahaska martini MacNeill. The only records are from the Sheep Range. Its reported foodplant, Tridens pulchellus, is widespread in the county and the presence of other colonies is probable. SPECMENS EXAMINED: (3) Sawmill Canyon, E. side of SM, 6000-6500', 1 July 69 (1 f, LACM), 2 July 69 (1 m, 1 f, LACM). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 9 ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Hesperia juba (Scudder). Rsffe above 6000' in the Spring Range and in the Virgin Mts. with records indicating two broods from late May to mid July and late September to late October. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (7) WC, 6 June 78 (1 f), 22 June 78 (1 f); CC, 7 June 78 (1 f, CSL); KC Ski Run, 15 July 79 (1 f, CSL); KC, 9 Oct 66 (1 m, 1 f); Echo Canyon, 23 Oct 66 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Charleston Park, 29 May 50 (MacNeill 1964); LC, 29 May 50 (MacNeill 1964); Cold Creek, 29 June 63 (KR); Cathedral Rock, 12 July 72 (DEA); KC, 26 Sept 65 (PJH). Hylephila phyleus (Drury). Common to abundant in urban and agricultural areas, less common in the vicinity of desert springs. It is rare away from these situations with occasional records for desert washes in fall and two records for high elevations. The flight period is from late March to mid December. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (364) Many locations in Las Vegas and Moapa valleys with a small population in GC. Dates extend from 31 Mar. (78, PV, s) to 15 Dec. (79, Las Vegas, CSL). A sexual mosaic was taken at Hidden Valley on 23 Oct 77. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae): Las Vegas, 7 June 77 (ovip.). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Sarcostemma hir- tellum (Asclepiadaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Prosopis glandulosa, Medkago sativa (Fabaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, Perityle emoryi, Senecio douglasii, Baccharis sp., Cirsium 8p.,Stephan- omeria sp. (Asteraceae). Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson). Fairly common in urban and agricultural areas, less common and somewhat local in desert washes and around springs and rare at high elevations (Willow Creek, Kyle Canyon Campground). The flight period extends from early March through early December in 3 or more broods. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (109) Many records for Las Vegas and Moapa valleys with extreme dates from 3 Mar. (75, Las Vegas, NSM) to 1 Dec. (77, Tule Springs, s). High elevation records are for WC, 22 June 68 (JFL) and KC Campground, 25 July 77 (1 f). ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea ambigua (Malvaceae); Eriodictyon angus- tifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Medkago sativa (Fabaceae); Helianthus annuus, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, SoU- dago spectabilis, Tetradymia axillark, Stephanomeria sp. (Asteraceae). Pholisora libya libya (Scudder). Uncommon and very local in (some) stands of Atriplex canescens in Las Vegas and Moapa valleys. It flies in two broods from mid April to late June and early September to mid October, The only record away from the valley floors is for Kyle Canyon at 6800' at an unusual date of 27 July. Specimens from Moapa Valley are of fhe nominate subspecies; certain specimens from the Las Vegas Valley (Com Creek) have reduced maculation on the ventral hind wing thus showing intermediacy towards P. libya lena (Edwards) of the Great Basin. 10 J. Res. Lepid. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (57) Hidden Valley, 4 May 77 (1 m); 1 mi. E. OV, 4 May 77 (4 m); Bowman’s Reservoir, 4 May 77 (1 m, 4 f), 7 May 78 (1 f, CSL), 17 May 78 (1 m, 1 f, NSM; 1 m, 1 f, CSL; 5 m, 2 f), 7 June 77 (1 f), 15 June 77 (2 m, 1 f), 17 Sept. 77 (1 f), 27 Sept. 78 (2 m); LO, 7 June 77 (1 f), 16 June 77 (2 m, 1 f, CSL; 2 m, 1 f), 16 Oct. 77 (1 f); Las Vegas, 18 June 68 (1 f, UNLV); CN, 22 June 68 (Im, 2 f), 3 Sept. 75 (2 m, 2 f, NSM), 15 Sept. 64 (4 m, 2 f, NSM), 15 Sept. 66 (1 m, NSM), 7 Oct. 77 (1 m); MF, 25 June 77 (1 m); KC at Deer Creek Rd., 27 July 61 (1 m); Clark Co., 17 Sept. 73 (1 m, UNLV); Tule Springs, 25 Sept. 62 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Bowman’s Reservoir, 13 Apr, 78, 29 Sept. 77 (s); PV, 24 Apr. 78, 10 May 77 (s); CN, 22 June 68, 29 June 72 (JFL), 29 June 63, 1 Sept. 63 (KR), 25 Sept. 64 (PJH); Las Vegas, 10 Sept. 75 (s), 6 Oct. 62 (JFL); OV, 17 Sept. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Prosopis glandulosa, Medicago sativa (Fabaceae); Baileya pleniradiata, Baccharis sp., Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae). Pholisora gracielae MacNeill. Locally common to abundant in Moapa Valley but only in close association with Atriplex lentiformis. We have not found this species in stands of this plant in the Las Vegas Valley or in the Colorado River Valley south of Davis Dam. Its flight period began sometime before 17 April and continued in 3 nearly non -overlapping broods through 29 September during 1977. Approximately equal peaks in numbers were at 2 month intervals on 4 May, 4 July and 4 September with numbers sharply lower 1-2 weeks on either side of the peaks. California populations were reported to have but 2 broods (MacNeill 1970, Emmel and Emmel 1973). The first brood has well developed subapical spots on the forewing; the second and third broods have these spots much reduced or wanting. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (122) Hidden Valley, 13 Apr. 78 (1 m, CSL), 17 Apr. 77 (17 m, 3 f), 4 May 77 (15 m, 7 f), 7 May 78 (1 f, CSL; 1 m, 1 f, NSM), 15 May 77 (5 m), 7 June 77 (1 m), 1 5 June 77 (3 m, 2 f), 27 June 77 (6 m), 4 July 77 (20 m, 7 f), 9 Aug. 77 (1 f), 4 Sept. 77 (7 m, 1 f), 17 Sept. 77 (1 m); Bowanan’s Reservoir, 4 May 77 (2 m, 1 f), 4 July 77 (2 m), 29 Sept. 77 (1 m); LO, 15 June 77 (1 f), 16 June 77 (2 f, CSL), 17 June 77 (1 f, NSM), 27 June 77 (1 f), 10 July 68 (1 m, 1 f), 12 July 77 (2 m, 1 f), 23 Aug. 77 (3 m, 1 f), 4 Sept. 66 (2 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Bowman’s Reservoir, 27 June 77, 12 July 77, 23 Aug. 77, 4 Sept. 77 (s); LO, 4 July 77 (s); Hidden VaUey, 12 July 77, 30 July 77, 23 Aug. 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Atriplex lentiformis fTorr.) Wats. (Chenopodaceae); Moapa Valley (adult assoc.). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Medicago sativa (Fabaceae). Pholisora alpheus oricus Edwards. Locally common, especially along desert washes, above the valley floors. The single brood flies from mid March to late May. It is invariably found in association with Atriplex canescens. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (57) Ash Springs, 19 Mar. 72 (1 m); KC, 6-17 mi. W. U.S. 95, 4 Apr. 77 (1 m), 10 Apr. 78 (2 m), 11 Apr. 78 (1 m), 17 Apr. 66 (1 m)^ 18 Apr. 77 (2 m, 1 f), 18 Apr. 78 (2 m), 19 Apr. 78 (5 m, 1 f), 26 Apr. 77 (1 m) 26 Apr. 78 (3 m, 1 f), 30 Apr. 78 (5 m), 1 May 67 (1 m, NSM), 1 May 77 (2 m, 2 f), 2 May 78 (1 m). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 11 11 May 78 (Im), 13 May 78 (1 m); 0.5 mi. W. Blue Diamond, 20 Apr. 77 (If); 0.5 mi. S. Red Springs, 21 Apr. 79 (3 m, 1 f), 29 Apr. 79 (2 m, 3 f); CP Rd., 0.6-L8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 22 Apr. 78 (4 m), 11 May 78 (1 m, 1 f); LC, 23 Apr. 66 (1 m); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (2 m), 29 Apr. 77 (2 m, 1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 23 Mar. 78 (s); Davis Dam, 31 Mar. 62 (R. C. Bechtal,/ide OS); KC, 5000', 3-4 May 75 (1975 summ.); Cold Creek Ranger Station, 8 May 78 (s); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 28 May 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Baileya multiradiata, Accamptopappus shockleyi, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Heliopetes domicella domicella (Erichson). The single record from the Newberry Mountains is the only one for the state. The closest known collection site is located near Parker Dam, San Bemadino Co., Palifomia (Emmel and Emmel 1973), about 70 mi. to the south. ’ SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) GC, 12 Oct. 77 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Heliopetes ericetorum (Boisduval). Common, usually near water, at elevations to 8500'; less common along desert washes and other areas away from water. The species is at least double brooded at high elevations and probably multivoltine at some low elevation sites. It flies at low elevations from late March to early November with very few July and August records and at high elevations from early May to late October with veiy few records from early August to mid September. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (128) The species is found nearly throughout the county except in the lower desert away from washes or roadsides. Extreme flight dates are from 21 Mar. (78, Las Vegas, 1 f, CSL) to 4 Nov. (77, Las Vegas, 1 m, UNLV). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray (Malvaceae): Lovell Wash, 8.9 mi. W. Pahrump Rd., 22 June 77 (ovip.). Sphaeralcea grossulariaefoUa (Hook. & Am.) Rydb. vai. pedata (Torr.) Kearney (Malvaceae): 1 mi. W. WC, 25 May 78 (ovip. lower leaf surface, 12:15 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea ambigua (Malvaceae); Stanleya elata. Erysimum asperum (Bmssicaceae); Eriogonumfasciculatum, Eriogonum heermannu (Polygonaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifol- ium (Hydrophyllaceae); Verbena gooddingii (Verbenaceae); Monardella sp. O^amiaceae); Acacia MeliloUts albus, Medicago saliva (Fabaceae); Sambucus caerulea (Caprifoliaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, Chaenactis sp., Semcio ■ douglasii, Senecio multilobatus, Tetradymia axillaris, Cirsium sp., Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae); males frequently visit water. Pyrgus scriptura (Boisduval). Uncommon but widespread mainly along desert washes but also as high as 11,000'. This is a greater elevational range than reported previously (Scott 1975, MacNeill in Howe 1975). The flight period extends from late March to mid November. Most records are for April to June and September (no August records) indicating at least 2 broods. Spring and fall records are largely at lower elevations; June records are mainly at high elevations, SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (46) 6 mi. N. Apex, 28 Mar. 71 (2 m, 3 f, NSM); CP to Pahmmp Rd., 29 Mar. 78 (1 m), 22 Apr. 78 (3 m), 3 May 78 (1 m, CSL), 6 May 78 (1 m, CSL), 11 May 78 (1 m), 28 May 78 (3 m); 2 mi. E. Searchlight, 12 Apr. 69 (1 m, 12 J. Res. LepM. NSM); 1 mi. N. Dry Lake on L15, 19 Apr. 75 (1 m); WC, 23 Apr. 78 (2 m), 27 Apr. 77 (2 m), 29 Apr. 77 (1 f, NSM; 2 m, CSL), 6 June 78 (1 m); KC, 945 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 May 77 (1 m), 6 June 78 (1 m), 23 June 77 (1 f), 28 Sept. 77 (1 m); Nipton Pass, 4 May 78 (1 m); WC, 6 June 78 (2 m, 1 f), 15 June 78 (1 m), 22 June 68 (1 f), 22 June 78 (1 m), 23 June 62 (1 m), 20 July 78 (1 m); LC, 8200', 10 June 62 (1 m, 1 f); Lovell Wash, 4500', 17 June 62 (1 m); KC, 6.6 mi. W., 0.9 mi. N. U.S. 95, 21 June 78 (1 m); Las Vegas, 22 June 66 (1 f); Hidden Valley, 12 July 77 (1 m); LO, 28 Sept. 67 (1 m, NSM); Clark Co., 28 Oct. 70 (1 f, UNLV). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: LC, 0.54 mi. W. U.S. 95, 7 Apr. 71 (REW);Potosi Ml Rd., 8 Apr. 71 (REW); U.S. 93, 5 mi. N. L15, 17 Apr 77 (s); U.S. 95, 5 mi. N. KC, 23 Apr. 78 (s); CP to Pahramp Rd., 2 May 78 (s); 1 mi, W. WC, 8 May 78 (s); Hidden Valley, 15 May 77 (s); WC, 6 June 78 (s); Trout Canyon, 14 June 77 (s); LC baUfield, 23 June 77 (s); Mt. Charleston, 11,000', 24 June 68 (JFE, OS); MS, 30 June 63 (KR);Las Vegas, 9-10 Sept. 62 (JFL);Moapa VaUey,21 Oct. 67 (JL); 11 mi. W. Searchlight, 11 Nov. 75 (CDM). ADULT RESOURCES: Phacelia fremontii, Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydro- phyllaceae); Baileya multiradiata, Tetradymia canescem, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Pyrgus communis (Grote). Common to abundant in many habitats throughout the county to the top of Charleston Peak. At low elevations, the flight period extends from early February to mid December and at high elevations from early May to mid November. SPECMENS EXAMINED: (431) Records from a large number of locations with extreme dates of 4 Feb. (77, Boulder City, s) to 17 Dec. (70, Calico Basin, 1 f, UNLV). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray (Malvaceae): CP, 1.5 mi. S. Pahramp Rd., 22 Apr. 78 (ovip., lower leaf surface of lower leaves, 12:30 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea ambigua (Malvaceae); Smilacina stellata (Liliaceae); Tamarix pentandra (Tamariacaceae); Descurmrm pirmata (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriogonum wrightii, Eriogonum heermannii, Eriogonum sp. ^olygonaceae); Allionm incamata (Nyctagnaceae); Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Langlosia setosksima ^olemoniaceae); Phacelia fremontii, Eriodicfyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); HeUotropium cura^savicum, Crypatantha sp. (Boraginaceae); Physalis crassifolia (Solanaceae); Monardella sp. (Lamiaceae); Medicago sativa, Trifolium repem (Fabaceae); Vigukra multifolora, Helianthus annual, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multi- radiata, Baileya pleniradmta, Chaenactis fremontii, Pectis papposa, Acamptopappus shockl^, Chrysothamnus sp., Erigeron sp., Senecio douglmU, Tetradymia canescem, Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Erynnis brizo burgessi (Skinner). Locally common in the vicinity of oaks from 4000' to 7000'. The single brood flies from late March to mid June. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (94) WiEow Springs, 23 Mar. 77 (2 m, NSM); Lost Creek, 23 Mar. 77 (1 m, NSM), 29 Mar. 78 (1 f, CSL), 20 Apr. 77 (2 m); CC, 29 Mar. 71 (2 m, 1 f, NSM), 8 Apr. 79 (6 m), 13 Apr. 78 (1 m, NSM; 2 m), 14 Apr. 77 (5 m, 3 f, NSM), 27 Apr. 78 (1 m, 1 f, NSM; 2 m), 10 May 78 (4 m, 1 f), 12 May 77 (1 m, CSL); Icebox Canyon, 21 Apr. 77 (1 f, NSM); WMte Rock Springs, 21 Apr. 79 (1 m); XM, 22 Apr. 79 (1 m); WC, 27 Apr, 77 (12 m, 2 f), 8 May 78 (4 m), 25 May 78 (3 m), 5 June 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 13 79 (3 m); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (1 m, NSM; 1 m, 2 f, CSL), 29 Apr. 77 (1 m, NSM), 8 May 78 (1 m), 25 May 78 (2 m), 30 May 66 (1 f), 13 June 77 (2 m, 1 f); Seep Canyon, 28 Apr. 73 (4 m, 1 f, NSM); 1 mi.W. RD Summit, 28 Apr. 77 (1 f, NSM); Pine Creek, 28 Apr. 75 (1 m, NSM); KC, 1 May 7 1 (1 m, 1 f); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 2 May 77 (1 m, 1 f); Charleston Mts., 12-14 May 34 (6m, 1 f, LACM); 0.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: CC, 8 Apr. 77 (RB), 18 May 78 (s); Pine Creek, 2 May 77 (s); Oak Creek Canyon, 11 May 78 (s); KC Ski Run, 13 May 78 (s); LC, 29 May 50 (LACM);KC Campground, 31 May 77 (s); WC,6 June 78 (s), 11 June 79, 13 June 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Quercus gambelii Nutt. (Fagaceae): WC, 27 Apr. 77 (ovip. leaf buds). Quercus turbinella Greene (Fagaceae): CC, 10 May 78 (ovip. at base of leaf). ADULT RESOURCES: Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae); Eriodictyon angus- tifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Ribes aureum (Saxifragaceae); adults often visit water. Erynnis funeralis (Scudder & Burgess). Uncommon and local especially in desert canyons at elevations below 4400'. The flight period consists of a relatively large spring brood (mid March to early June), a small summer brood (late June to late July) and a small fall brood (late August to late October). The summer and fall broods may not occur in every year and possibly depend on summer rainfall. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (33) 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 17 Mar. 77 (1, NSM; 1 f, CSL), 31 Mar. 77 (1 m, 2 f, NSM; 1 m, CSL), 8 Apr. 77 (1 m); Newberry Mts., 23 Mar. 67 (1 m, ex UNLV); GC, 8 Apr. 77 (1 m, NSM; 1 m), 20 Apr. 78 (1 f), 5 May 77 (1 m, CSL; 1 m), 3 July 78 (1 f), 21 July 78 (2 m), 13 Sept. 78 (1 f), 27 Sept. 77 (1 m), 12 Oct. 77 (1 m); XM, 12 Apr. 78 (1 m), 20 Apr. 78 (1 f), 5 May 77 (Im), 23 May 78 (1 f), 20 Sept. 78 (1 m); Nelson, 19 Apr. 64 (1 m, 1 f); CC, 18 May 78 (1 m, CSL), 26 June 78 (2 m); Las Vegas, 27 June 68 (1 m); WC, 20 July 78 (1 m); CN, 10 Sept. 78 (1 f, CSL); LO, 23 Oct. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: RD, 19 Mar. 72 (s); XM, 25 Mar. 79, 15 Apr. 78, 21 July 78, 27 Sept. 77 (s); PV, 4 Apr. 77 (s); GC, 12 Apr. 78, 15 Apr. 78, 12 May 78, 1 June 78, 21 Aug. 78, 20 Sept. 78, 26 Sept. 78, 4 Oct. 77 (s); Sacatone Wash, 15 Apr. 78, 20 Sept. 78 (s); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 15 Apr. 78 (s); CP Rd., 0.6 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 22 Apr. 78 (s); CC, 10 May 78, 17-18 May 78, 20 May 78, 7 June 78 (s); Oak Creek Canyon, 1 1 May 78 (s); Willow Springs, 19 Sept. 78 (s); Pine Creek, 22 Sept. 78 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Amsinc- kia tessellata (Boraginaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Bebbia juncea, Chrysothamnus sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia axillaris, Tetradymia canescens (Asteraceae). Erynnis meridianus meridianus Beil. Locally common in association with oaks above 3000'. It flies from mid March to early August with two September records. The number of broods apparently varies with location with possibly 3 at the lower elevations and usually one at higher elevations. We see no great differences in phenotype between early and late individuals although the earliest spring specimens tend to be smaller than later specimens. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (143) Numerous records from nearly throughout the Spring Range in the vicinity of oaks from 19 Mar. (72, Ash Spring, 1 m, 2 f) to 19 Sept. (78, Pine Creek, 2 m). Most specimens are from June. There are several 14 J. Res. Lepid. records for the Virgin Mts. and one for GC on 13 Sept. 78 (1 m, CSL; 1 f). ADULT RESOURCES: Ranunculus cymbalaria (Ranunculaceae)/ Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Eriodictyon angustifol- ium (Hydrophyllaceae); Ribes cereum, Ribes aureum (Saxifragaceae); Cercis occi- dentalis, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Solidago spectabilis, Erigeron sp., Senecio douglasii, Senecio multilobatus, Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Erynnis telemachus Bums. This species is known at present only from the Virgin Mountains flying in a single brood in May and early June. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (29) CC, 10 May 78 (2 m; 2 m, CSL), 18 May 78 (1 m; 1 m, CSL), 20 May 78 (1 m), 20 May 79 (12 m, 1 f), 29 May 78 (4 m), 7 June 78 (1 m), 8 June 78 (1 m, CSL); Virgin Mts., 30 May 74 (3 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Chiomara asychis georgina (Reakirt). The only record is a stray at Com Creek. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) CN, 26 Sept. 65 (1 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Systasea zampa (Edwards). A small population occurs in the southern portion of the county in the Newberry Mountains. There are no other Nevada records. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (8) GC, 15 Apr. 78 (1 m), 20 Apr. 78 (1 m, CSL), 21 July 78 (1 m); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 20 Apr. 78 (1 m), 26 Sept. 78 (1 m, NSM); XM, 23 May 78 (1 m), 21 July 78 (1 m); Sacatone Wash, 20 Sept. 78 (1, CSL). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 3 May 78 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Monardella sp. (Lamiaceae); Bebbia juncea (Asteraceae). Thorybes pylades (Scudder). This skipper is known for Clark County from 2 records from the Spring Range. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: KC, 29 June 63 (KR); Pine Creek, 30 June 63 (KR). Polygonus leo arizonensis (Skinner). Three fall records are the only occurrences of this stray in Nevada. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (2) 10 mi. W. of Searchlight, 21 Sept. 72 (2 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: GC, 13 Sept. 78 (s); LO, 9 Oct. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Bebbia juncea (Asteraceae). Epargyreus clams huachuca (Dixon). The only state specimens are from the Virgin Mountains where they associate with Robinia neomexicana from mid May to late June. Individuals of this population average smaller but are otherwise quite indistinguishable from southern Arizona huachuca. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (14) CC, 20 May 79 (1 m), 29 May 78 (1 m), 7 June 78 (1 m), 26 June 78 (6 m); Virgin Mts., 30 May 74 (5 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. ADULT RESOURCES: Robinia neomexicana (Fabaceae); males visit water. 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 15 Family Papilionidae Battus philenor philenor (Linnaeus). There are several records of this species from April to October mostly in the low valleys. Specimens are generally quite worn. It is most likely non-resident but occurring as a stray from Arizona. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (4) CN, 18 July 65 (1 m); Las Vegas, 7 Sept. 68 (1 f); Stewart Springs, 29 Sept. 66 (2 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: PV, 24 Apr. 78 (s); GC, 5 May 77, 21 Aug. 78 (s); Las Vegas, 14 June 77, 26 June 77, 23 Aug. 66 (s); KC Ski Run, 25 July 77 (s); CN, 31 July 65 (RES); KC, 7600', 5 Aug. 72 (JFL); Roger’s Spring, 10 Oct. 64 (PJH). ADULT RESOURCES: Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Papilio bairdii bairdii Edwards. Rare in the Spring Range; the 4 known specimens are probably from Kyle Canyon where its probable foodplant {Artemesia dmcunculus) is common. All records are in mid June. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: (all fide JFE) Mt. Charleston, 11-12 June 35 (2 f, Rudkin colln.), 15 June 40 (1 m, Calif. Acad. Sci.), KC, no date (T. Davies colln.). Papilio rudkini Comstock. Locally common in the upper desert and occasional elsewhere in towns, cultivated areas and once to 9000'. There are two main broods in March and April and in September and October with scattered individuals at other times of the year (records from mid February to late November). The fall brood may be quite small or lacking, depending on summer rainfall. The dark form “clarki” comprises about 14% of the local population (approximate estimate, no statistical data available). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (311 including 45 “clarki”) Records extend from 12 Feb. (77, KC, 1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 m) to 21 Nov. (77, Las Vegas, 1 m, UNLV). 'There are very few records (12 specimens) from June through August. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Thamnosma montana Torr. & Frem. (Rutaceae): CC, 27 Apr. 78 (mature larva, dark form, emerged as form “clarki”, CSL); CP Rd., 1.5 mi. S. Pahmmp Rd., 11 May 78 (ovip. upper leaf surface, 10:00 PST); CC, 20 May 79 (mature larva); RC, 27 May 78 (ovip. on stem at leaf base, 11:00 PST); CP Rd., 0. 6-1.8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 28 May 78 (ovip. on stem at leaf base, 09:45 PST, 11:20 PST); Pahrump Rd., 3 mi. W, Blue Diamond turnoff, 26 Sept. 77 (ovip. on stem, 09:15 PST, 09:30 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Delphinium parishii (Ranunculaceae); Dichlostemma pulchellum (Amaryllidaceae); Arabis sp. (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum plumatella (Polygonaceae); Asclepias subulata (Asclepiadaceae); Phacelia vallis-mortae, Erio- dictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum, Amsinckia tessellata, (Boraginaceae); Penstamon palmeri (Scrophulariaceae); Verbena good- dingii (Verbenaceae); Salazaria mexicana, Salvia dorrii (Lamiaceae); Rihes cereum (Saxifragaceae); Rosa woodsii (Rosaceae); Acacia greggii, Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Lotus rigidus, Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae); Thamnosma montana (Rutaceae); Encelia farinosa, Encelia virginensis, Bebbia juncea, Haplopappus sp., Chrysothamnus sp., Senecio douglasii, Cirsium sp., Stephanomeria sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). 16 J. Res. Lepid. Papilio indra martini Emmel & Emmel. Locally common in the Spring Range where there are two broods from mid March to late April and late June to mid July. The Spring Range population varies from individuals with wide postmedian bands resembling P. L nevademis Emmel & Emmel to those with a near absence of the postmedian band in the hindwing as is typical of martini (see €dso Emmel & Emmel 197 4). There are additional populations of indra known from the Newberry, Mormon and Virgin mountains which differ from these. The records (1963 summ.) of P. indra nearfordi Comstock & Martin refer to the Spring Range population. Tyler’s (1975) inclusion of fordi in Nevada is also in error. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (6) Ash Springs, 30 June 69 (2 m, 1 f, LACM), 6 July 62 (3 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Calico Basin, 19 Mar, 62 (JFL); Willow Spring, 19 Apr. 66 (JFL), 17 June 78 (DM); White Rock Springs, 19 Apr, 75 (JB); 21 Apr. 79 (s),^,l mi. E, Lovell Wash, RD Summit Rd., 24 Apr. 77 (s); Ash Springs, 25 June 68 (JFE, OS); north of Deer Creek Campground, 29 June 63 (KR); Lovell Canyon, 10 July 75 (CSL). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Lomatium parryi (Wats.) Macbr. (Apiaceae): Calico Basin, 28 Mar. 72 (larvae, JFL); Ash Spring, 25 June 68 (larvae, JFE, OS). ADULT RESOURCES: Lomatium parryi (Apiaceae); Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Papilio rutulus rutulus Lucas. Fairly common is the Spring Range from 6000' to 9000' especially in Kyle Canyon. It flies from late May to early August in a single brood. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (58) KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 31 May 77 (1 m), 14 June 77 (1 m), 28 June 77 (1 m), 28 June 78 (1 f), 5 July 78 (1 m); above Cathedral Rock Campground, 17 June 77 (1 m, 1 f); KC Ski Run, 17 June 77 (1 m, NSM); 20 June 79 (1 m, 1 f), 22 June 78 (1 f), 26 June 79 (2 m, 2 f), 2 July 78 (2 m), 5 July 77 (1 f), 7 July 77 (2 m, CSL), 10 July 75 (2 m), 18 July 79 (1 m); KC Campground, 20 June 79 (1 m), 24 June 79 (2 m), 26 June 79 (2 m), 7 July 77 (1 m); KC, 7650', 27 June 65 (1 f); Charleston Park, 30 June 77 (3 m, CSL; 2 m, 2 f, NSM); Little Falls, 5 July 65 (6 m, 3 f), 13 July 65 (2 m, 1 f), 20 July 65 (1 m); KC, 6050', 5 July 65 (1 m); end KC, 13 July 65 (1 m); KC, 7500', 15 July 74 (2 m, 2 f); Rainbow Canyon, 20 July 65 (1 f); KC, 9000', 25 July 65 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Numerous records for KC, earliest on 29 May 63 (JFL); latest on 1 Aug. 67 (s). One record for west slope in Lovell Wash at Spring Mountain Youth Camp on 22 June 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae): KC Ski Run, 26 June 79 (ovip. lower surface of leaf near midrib, 10:00 PST); 5 July 77 (ovip.); 10 July 79 (ovip. upper leaf surface, 08:50 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae); Penstamon utahensis (Scrophulariaceae); Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Cirsium sp.. Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); visit water on occasion. Papilio multicaudatus Kirby. The only known colony of this species in Clark County is in the Virgin Mountains. Specimens have wide dark borders similar to Arizona material. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (18) CC, 27 Apr. 78 (1 m, CSL), 17»18 May 78 (2 m, 1 f; 2 m, CSL; 2 m, NSM), 20 May 79 (3 m), 29 May 78 (2 m, 2 f), 7-8 June 78 (2 m; 1 f, CSL). 19(1): 1~63, 1980(81) 17 ADDITIONAL RECORDS: CC, 10 May 78, 20 May 78, 26 June 78 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Males occasionally visit water. Family Pieridae Neophasia menapia (Felder & Felder). Rare but apparently not uncommon in some years in the Spring Range above 7400'. The few records indicate a single brood flying from late July to late August. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) KC Ski Run, 1 Aug. 77 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: KC, 7400', 29 July 62 (JFL), 31 Aug. 62 (JFL); Charleston Mts., 6 Aug. 61 (RES); KC, 7800', 8 Aug. 62 (JFL), 12 Aug. 63 (JFL), 18 Aug. 63 (JFL); KC, 8 Aug. 74 (JAS). ADULT RESOURCES: Argemone minita (Papaveraceae). Pieris beckeru beckerii Edwards. Uncommon, but sometimes common, usually at elevations between 2900' and 7200'. Its flight period is from late March to mid November, At least 4 broods appear to be involved in some years along some upper desert washes; single broods may be raised in other areas. Summer rainfaU may be regulatory as suggested by Emm el and Emmei (1973). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (121) Numerous records for many locations at middle elevations in much of the county with dates between 3 Mar. (78, KC, 6.6 mi. W., 0.9 mi. N. U.S. 95, 1) and 13 Nov. (77, KC, 9.3 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 m). The species is most common in the Spring Range and rare in the Newberry and Virgin mountains. A few records also exist for the Las Vegas and Moapa valleys. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton (Brassicaceae); CP Rd., 1.8 mi. S. Pahramp Rd., 29 Apr. 78 (ovip. main stem, 1/2 way up at leaf base, 11:15 PST); 1 mi. W. WC, 8 May 78 (ovip. at apex of flower bud, 11:30 PST); Trout Canyon Rd., 0.8 mi. W. Spring Mt. Youth Camp, 14 June 77 (ovip. lower leaf surface); KC, 15 mi. W. U.S. 95, 23 June 77 (ovip,). Stanleya elata Jones (Brassicaceae): KC, 9.3 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 May 77 (ovip. on main stem), ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolid (Ranunculaceae); Stanleya pin- nata, Arabis sp. (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum fasckulatum, Eriogonum microthecum (Polygonaceae); Phacelia fremontii, Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyliaceae); Marrubium vulgare, Salvia dorrii (Lamiaceae); Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae); Teradymia canescens (Asteraceae). Pieris sisymbru elivata (Barnes & Benjamin). Uncommon, especially at middle elevations between 4000' and 6500', in most of the county. The single brood flies from mid March to mid May with a single record in mid June. All southern Nevada females examined were at least slightly tinged with yellowish, SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (100) Records extend from 18 Mar. (72, XM, JFL) to 17 May (78, CC, s). One record on 14 June 77 (KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, s). ADULT RESOURCES: Arabis sp. (Brassicaceae). Pieris protodke protodice Boisduval & Le Conte. Common to abundant at low elevations and less common at the higher elevations to at least 10,000'. The flight period extends throughout the year. Fresh individuals are found on warm days in midwinter. The small spring form “vemalis” flies at low elevations from January to April and apparent intermediates with the typical form occurring into May. Specimens from 18 J. Res. Lepid. October to December are large but more heavily marked below than the summer form. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (391) Specimens are from many localities through- out the county except the highest elevations. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. (Brassicaceae): CP Rd., 1.5 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 29 Apr. 78 (ovip., upper leaf surface, 09:30 PST). Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt, ssp. glabra (Woot. & Standi.) Detl. (Bras- sicaceae): U.S. 93, 13 mi. N. 1-15, 14 May 78 (ovip., 09:15 PST). Descurainia pinnata (Walt) Britt, ssp. halictorum (Ckll.) Delt. (Brassicaceae): WC, 8 May 78 (ovip. 2x, lower leaf surface of upper leaves, 13:30 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea grossulariaefoUa (Malvaceae); Lmum lewisii (Linaceae); Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Stanleya pinnata, Sisymbrium altissimum (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum corymbosum, Eriogonum fasciculatum (Poly- gonaceae); Menodora spinescens (Oleaceae); Phacelia fremontii, Eriodictyon angus- dfolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Marmfeium vulgare, Salvia dorrii (Lamiaceae); Fallugia paradoxa (Rosaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Melilotus officinalis, Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Viguiera multi- flora, Helianthus annuus, Encelia virginensis, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, Baileya pleniradiata, Chaenacds fremontii, Haplopappus sp., Chrysothamnus sp., Erigeron sp., Senecio douglasii, Senecio multilobatus, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Pieris rapae (Linnaeus). Common in urban areas, less common in agricultural areas and small, recently established (since 1968) wild colonies at higher elevations at Willow and Cold creeks and in Kyle Canyon. A wild, possibly fugitive, colony was found in the upper desert near Cottonwood Pass in 1978. There are additional records near desert springs and in the Virgin and Newberry mountains. The flight period is from late January to mid December at low elevations and from late April to mid October at high elevations. There is only one record before 1961 (Las Vegas, 12 Apr. 60, PJH). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (104) Many records especially in Las Vegas Valley throughout most of the year. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Caulanthus cooperi (S. Wats.) Pays (Brassicaceae); CP Rd., 1.8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd.,29 Apr. 78 (ovip., 2x, lower leaf surface, just to one side of mid rib, 12:00 PST). Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb (Brassicaceae): MS, 11 May 78 (ovip,, 3x, lower leaf surface, 12:30 PST). Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz &Thell (Brassicaceae): WC, 1 July 77 (ovip. lower leaf surface). Brossica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. (Brassicaceae): Las Vegas (many records of ovip. and larvae). Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. (Brassicaceae): Las Vegas (many records of ovip. and larvae). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Sisymbrium altissimum, Rorippa nasturtium-aquadcum (Brassicaceae); Phacelia fremontii, Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); AmsmcAia tessellata (Boraginaceae); Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Astragalus sp. (Fabaceae); Chaenactis fremontii, Pluchea sericea, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Colias eurytheme Boisduval. Abundant in agricultural areas and occasional in the desert and near springs at low elevations and fairly common in open areas at high elevations. Low elevation records 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 19 extend from mid February to mid December and those at high elevations from late April to mid November. Desert records are for spring and fall. Early spring ^arch, April) and late fall (October, November) specimens are smaller, paler and usually more heavily dusted with black and have more extensive pink markings beneath than summer specimens. This indicates that the form “ariadne” is a valid form in this area and is not a hybrid between this species and C. philodice Godart as sometimes suggested (Klots 1951, Brown, et al. 1957). Colias philodice is very rare in southern Nevada. The form “alba” comprises 31% of the local female population (approximate estimate, no statistical data available). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (615) A large number of records from numerous locations to 1 1 ,000' with records from 1 1 Feb. to 19 Dec. It probably can be found at sometime as either a resident or stray in all parts of the county. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae); LO, 4 July 77 (ovip.). Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae): WC, 8 May 78 (ovip., lower leaf surface, 12:20 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Linum lewisii (Linaceae); Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Argemone minita (Papaveraceae); Stanleya pinnata, Sisymbrium altissimum, Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum wrightii, Polygonum lapathifolium (Polygonaceae); Arctostaphylos pun- gens (Ericaceae); Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae); Apogynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Lycium sp. (So- lanaceae); Verbena gooddingU (Verbenaceae); FaUugia paradoxa, Rosa woodsU (Rosaceae); Lupinus sp. Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Melilotus officinalis, Robima neomexicana (Fabaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Helianthus annuus, Bebbia juncea, Baikya multiradiata, Eriophyllum wallacei, Pectis papposa, Haplopappus sp., Chrysothamnus sp., Machaeranthera tortifolia, Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, TetraAymia canescens, Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Colias philodice philodice Godart. A stray from Las Vegas is the only specimen from the county. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) Las Vegas, 20 Oct. 1974 (1 f, ex UNLV). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Colias alexandra edwardsii Edwards. A small colony of this specie® was discovered in the southern portion of the Spring Range in 1978. The only other record for the county is a fall record from Kyle Canyon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (5) CP Rd., 0.6-1. 8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 22 Apr. 78 (1 m), 29 Apr. 78 (1 m), 6 May 78 (1 m, CSL), 11 May 78 (1 m, apparent hybrid x C. eurytheme or C. philodice); KC, 9.3 mi. W. U.S. 95, 15 Oct. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: CP Rd., 0.6-1.5 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 16 Apr. 79, 29 Apr. 79, 19 May 78 (s). Colias cesonia (Stoll). Usually rare at elevations to 7600' with records from mid February to mid November. In most years it may be a stray but it was common and produced at least two broods in the Newberry Mountains in 1978. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (47) GC, 15 Apr. 78 (1 f), 21 Apr. 78 (1 f, CSL), ,3 May 78 (1 f), 23 May 78 (5 m, 1 f), 1 June 78 (8 m,NSM; 3 m, CSL); 3 July 78 (1 m, 2 20 J. Res. Lepid. f), 21 July 78 (2 m, 2 f), 4 Aug. 78 (2 m); CP Rd., 0.6=1, 5 mi. S.Pahmmp Rd., 16 Apr. 77 (1 f), 28 May 78 (1 m); Bowman’s Reservoir, 7 May 78 (1 m, CSL); Bridge Canyon, 12 May 78 (1 f); XM, 1 June 78 (1 m, CSL), 21 July 78 (2 m); WC, 22 June 78 (2 m, CSL), 1 July 77 (1 m), 4 July 62 (1 m), 20 July 78 (2 m); WC, 4 July 62 (1 f), 20 July 78 (2 m); KC Ski Run, 23 July 78 (1 m), 25 July 78 (1 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: GC, 20 Feb. 78, 20 Apr. 78, 12 May 78 (s); 1 mi. W. MS, 26 Mar, 68, 11 May 78 (s); Sacatone Wash, 15 Apr. 78 (s); PV, 19 Apr. 78, 28 Apr. 78 (s); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 20 Apr. 78 (s); CP Rd., 0.6-1. 8 mi, S. Pahrump Rd., 22 Apr. 78, 11 May 78 (s); Hidden Valley, 27 Apr. 78 (s); Pine Creek, 2 May 77, 22 May 78 (s); Willow Springs, 2 May 78 (s); CC, 10 May 78, 29 May 78, 7 June 78 (s); LO, 17 May 78, 11 Nov. 77 (s); Bunkerville, 17 May 1978 (s);XM, 23May 78,3 July 78 (s); WC, 11 June 79 (s); Lovell Wash, 17 June 62, 18 July 62 (s); Charleston Park, 25 June 68 (JFE, OS); Ash Springs, 6 July 62 (s); Echo Canyon, 23 July 78 (s); KC Ski Run, 25 July 78 (s); Charleston Mts., 31 July 65 (JL, RES); WC, 30 Aug. 77 (s); Jean, 2 Sept. 78 (s); RR, 28 Oct. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES; Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Amsonia tomentosa (Apocynaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Marrub- ium vulgare, Monardella sp. (Lamiaceae); Bebbia juncea, Tetradymia canescens, Cirsium sp., (Asteraceae). Phoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer). Scattered records of strays are the only ones for the state. A relatively good flight was noted in the spring of 1978. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (5) Willow Spring, 10 May 66 (1, JFL); GC, 1 June 78 (1 m, CSL), 3 July 78 (1 f); OV, 10 July 68 (1, JFL); KC, 7400', 18 Aug. 63 (1, JFL). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: PV, 10 Apr. 78, 24 Apr. 78, 19 May 79 (s); XM, 12 Apr. 78 (s); GC, 12 Apr. 78 (s); Hidden Valley, 13 Apr. 78 (CSL, s); CC, 13 Apr. 78 (s); WC, 22 June 78 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae). Eurema mexicana (Boisduval). Four specimens and a few sightings represent the only state records. This species may occasionally establish itself as a breeding insect in southern Nevada but this has yet to be shown. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (4) Willow Springs, 10 May 66 (3, JFL); 21 May 66 (1, JFL). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 23 Mar. 78, 20 Apr. 78 (s); I- 15, 2 mi. N. Dry Lake, 19 Apr. 75 (s). Eurema nicippe (Cramer). Common in a variety of habitats to 7600' but mostly below 4000' in desert washes and the vicinity of springs. Records extend from late Januaiy to mid December involving possibly 4 broods in some areas. Open desert records indicate that there are 2 usual broods, one in early spring and one in fall. Specimens from April through September are mostly yellow beneath; those from February and October to December represent the reddish winter form. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (126) Numerous records from the lower canyons from 29 Jan. (78, Las Vegas, s) to 11 Dec. (77, GC, 1 m, 3 f). Less common at higher elevations from 10 Apr. (68, MS, s) to 16 Nov. (77, KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, s). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 21 LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Cassia armata Wats. (Fabaceae): 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 3 May 78 (ovip., lower surface of flower bud, 09:00 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Physalis cras- sifolia (Solanaceae); Monardella sp. (Lamiaceae); Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Helianthus annum, Bebbia juncea, Senecio doug- lasii, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Nathalis iole Boisduval, Common and widespread in many habitats to 9000', Its flight period extends from early February to mid December at low elevations and from late April to late October above 6000'. At least 4 broods appear to be involved in some areas but possibly only 2 in low desert. Very early spring (February) specimens represent the winter form. The lower surface of both sexes of this form is very heavily overscaled with black nearly obscuring the underlying paler scales. The females are pale yellow with a reduction of the black markings on the inner margin of the fore wing and on the hind wing. The yellow hindwing of the winter form contrasting with orangish hindwings of the summer form indicates, perhaps, that southern Nevada material belongs to the central segregate of this species (see Clench 197 6). The validity of these color forms is yet to be demonstrated. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (107) Records are for much of the county with the earliest on 6 Feb. (77, 0.5 mi. S.W. Laughlin, 1 m, 1 f) and latest on 12 Dec. (77,'rule Springs, s). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Eriogonum fascicu latum (Polygonaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Chaenactis fremontii, Senecio douglasii, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Anthocaris pima Edwards. Common in some years, rare or absent in others in desert below 5200'. The flight period extends from mid Februaiy to early May. There is one main brood and possibly a partial second brood. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (123) Numerous records at low elevations between 11 Feb. (75, U.S. 93, 8 mi. N. 1-15, s) and 4 May (78, Nipton Pass area, 2). ADULT RESOURCES: Descuriarm pinnata (Brassicaceae); Phacelia fremontii (Hydrophyllaceae); Amsinckia tessellata, Cryptantha sp. (Boraginaceae). Anthocaris sara thoosa Scudder. Uncommon mostly between 4000' and 7000' but it occasionally occurs at lower elevations. The single brood flies from mid February to late May with a peak in late March and April. The material from southern Clark County is identical with California populations. 'The ventral maculation of Virgin Mountains material tends to be heavier as is southern Utah material. We agree with Emmel & Emmel (1973) on the separation of thoosa from Arizona A. s. inghami Gunder especially on the basis, especially, of ventral coloration. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (160) Pine Creek, 19 Mar. 64 (1 m, 1 f), 23 Mar. 77 (1 m, NSM); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U. S. 95, 22 Mar. 77 (1 m), 11 Apr. 77 (1 f); XM, 23 Mar. 78 (2 m,NSM; 2 m, 1 f), 25 Mar. 79 (21 m, 15 f), 12 Apr. 78 (1 m); Wilson Pass, 25 Mar. 78 (1 f); CC, 29 Mar. 71 (1 m, 1 f, NSM), 8 Apr. 79 (14 m, 26 f), 13 Apr. 74 (1 f, NSM), 13 Apr. 78 (8 m, 3 f), 14 Apr. 74 (3 m, NSM), 19 Apr. 75 (2 f, NSM), 27 Apr. 22 J. Res. Lepid. 78 (3 m, NSM; 4 m), 10 May 78 (1 m, 1 f, NSM; 1 m); Willow Springs, 29 Mar. 78 (1 m); 2 mi. N. RC, 5 Apr. 78 (1 m, NSM; 1 m), 1 1 Apr. 78 (1 m, NSM), 15 Apr, 79 (6 m, 1 f), 4 May 78 (1 m); Nipton Pass, 12 Apr, 69 (6 m, 5 f, NSM); Lost Creek, 20 Apr. 77 (1 m, NSM); Potosi Mt. Rd. atPahrump Rd., 20 Apr, 77 (1 f); RD Summit Rd., 1.5- 2.1 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 24 Apr. 77 (2 f), 28 Apr. 77 (1 m, 2 f); Lovell Wash, 6.8 mi.N. Pahrump Rd., 24 Apr. 77 (1 f); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (2 f), 25 May 78 (1 f); Seep Canyon, 28 Apr. 73 (2 f, NSM); 1 mi. W. RD Summit, 28 Apr. 77 (5 m, 1 f, NSM); Cold Creek, 8 May 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Several records from middle elevations with the earliest record on 16 Feb. (77, Spring Mt. Ranch, s). ADULT RESOURCES: Arctostaphylos pungens (Eriaceae); Phacelia fremontii (Hydrophyllaceae); Amsinckia tessellata (Boraginaceae). Euchloe hy antis lotta (Beutenmueller). Uncommon but widespread especially at middle elevations to about 6200'. It flies in one brood from early March to mid May. SPECIMENS EXAMINED; (134) Numerous records, usually away from the valley floors from 5 Mar. (78, PV, 2 f) to 19 May (78, 0.5-1. 5 mi. E. MS, 1 m). ADULT RESOURCES: Phacelia fremontii (Hydrophyllaceae); Rihes cereum (Saxifragaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); Baileya multiradiata, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Family Riodinidae Apodemia mormo mormo (Felder & Felder). Common and occasionally locally abundant, especially along roadsides and washes where Eriogonum inflatum is common, to 6200'. It flies in at least 4 broods from early February to mid November. It is most common and widespread in spring; summer and fall broods may reflect rainfall patterns and/or the availability of alternate foodplants. The common phenotype is of the nominate race with little tendency towards true A. m. deserti Barnes & McDunnough although the latter name has been applied to southern Nevada material. This insect commonly associates with Eriogonum ■inflatum and E. fasciculatum. In fall, a larger and darker phenotype associated with Eriogonum microthecum occurs at higher elevations. This phenotype occurs similarly in the desert ranges of California {fide JFE). Whether this represents a distinct unnamed subspecies needs confirmation. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (388) Records for many localities throughout the county between 4 Feb. (77, Boulder City, AB) to 16. Nov. (77, 1.8 mi. E. Blue Diamond, 1 m). The large, dark phenotype is known from such locations as MS and WC between 6 Sept. (69, NSM) and 7 Oct, (77). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum deflexum Torr. (Polygonaceae): 0.5 mi, E. Boulder City, 3 Oct. 77 (ovip. at base of flower). Eriogonum plumatella Dur. & Hilg. war. plumatella Dur. & Hilg. (Polygonaceae): 10 mi. W. Davis Dam, 3 Aug. 77 (larvae on flower head). Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Frem. (Polygonaceae): Searchlight, 1 Oct. 68 (larvae, 1968 summ.). Adults also associated with. Eriogonum fasciculatum (RR, GC), Eriogonum microthecum (MS, WC), Eriogonum wrightii (Pine Creek) and Eriogonum heermannii (2 mi. N.RC), ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea ambigua (Malvaceae); Eriogonum fascicu latum, Eriogonum heermannii, Eriogonum microthecum, Eriogonum plumatella, Eriogonum umbellatum, Eriogonum wrightii, Eriogonum sp. (Polygonaceae); Cryp- 19(1): 1=63, 1980(81) 23 tantha sp. (Boraginaceae); Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, Baileya plenirad- iata, Chaenactis fremontii, Palafoxia linearis, Acamptopappus shockleyi, Solidago spectabilis, Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia canescens, Stephanomeria sp. (Asteraceae). Apodemia palmeri marginalis (Skinner). Locally common in mesquite stands in the valleys. It flies from mid April to mid October with 3 or possibly 4 broods in favorable years. Southern Nevada material agrees well with marginalis described from nearby southern California and is paler and has consistently complete orange borders in contrast to the darker, supposedly nominate race from southern Arizona, with its often incomplete orange borders. A review of the species seems in order as the species was described from just north of Clark County at St. George, Utah. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (236) Numerous records between 17 Apr. (77, Hidden Valley, s) and 13 Oct. (77, PV, 1 m). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (Fabaceae): PV, 31 July 77 (ovip.). Prosopis pubescens Benth. (Fabaceae): PV, 2 Aug. 77 (ovip.). ADULT RESOURCES: Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens (Fabaceae); Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae). Calephelis nemesis californica McAlpine, Rare in fall with all records except one (Virgin Mountains) from the Logandale area of Moapa Valley in association with Baccharis. There are no other records for the state. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (13) Bowman’s Reservoir, 30 July 77 (1 m); LO, 4 Sept. 66 (1 m), 27 Sept. 78 (2 m), 16 Oct. 77 (3 m, 2 f), 28 Oct. 77 (3 m); Virgin Mts. 12 Sept. 74 (1 f, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. ADULT RESOURCES: Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae). Calephelis wrighti (Holland). Small numbers fr<5m the Newberry Mountains are the only Nevada records. They probably represent a small breeding colony as its known foodplant, Bebbia juncea, is common there. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (20) GC, 21 July 78 (1 m), 13 Sept. 78 (1 m; 1 m, CSL), 20 Sept. 78 (1 m, CSL), 26 Sept. 78 (2 m, 3 f, CSL; 1 m, 1 f), 29 Oct. 78 (6 m), 3 Nov. 77 (1 m); Sacatone Wash, 20 Sept. 78 (1 m, CSL; 1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. ADULT RESOURCES: Bebbia juncea (Asteraceae). Family Lycaenidae Satyrium behrii behrii (Edwards). Rare with records between early June and mid July. It may be more widespread than presently known in the Pinbn-Juniper belt where its foodplant, Purshia is not uncommon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED; (17) WC, 5 June 79 (2 m), 1 1 June 79 (9 m, 1 f), 22 June 68 (1 m), 22 June 78 (4 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: MS, 23 June 65 (PJH), 30 June 63 (KR); WC, 13 July 72 (DEA). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Mar- ruhium vulgare (Lamiaceae). 24 J. Res. LepM. Ministrymon leda (Edwards). Locally common in association with Prosopis glandulosa in Paradise Valley near Las Vegas and scattered records elsewhere. There appear to be 2 broods. Most individuals are typical leda although there are single spring and fall specimens of form “ines” from Hidden Valley. SPECIMENS EXAMINED; (30) Hidden Valley, 13 Apr. 78 (1 f “ines”), 12 July 77 (1 f), 16 Oct. 77 (1 m “ines”); GC, 1 June 78 (2 m), 3 July 78 (1 f); Lovell Wash, 7.5 mi. N. Pahrump Rd., 22 June 77 (1 f); PV, 9 May 78 (1 m), 24 June 78 (1 m), 18 July 77 (4 m, 4 f), 26 July 77 (2 m, 4 f), 31 July 77 (4 f); 27 June 66 (1 m); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95 (1 m); WC, 19 Aug. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: PV, 26 May 79, 3 July 77, 2 Aug. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa (Fabaceae); Helianthus annuus, Bailey a multiradiata (Asteraceae). Callophrys fotis fotis (Strecker). Usually uncommon but in some years exceedingly abundant, at least locally, at middle elevations from 4000' to 6800', always in association with Cowania mexicana. The flight period is from late March to mid May. Fresh specimens from Cold Creek on 13 June 1977 are undoubtedly from a partial second brood perhaps in response to early June rainfall. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (230) GS, 28 Mar. 68 (1, NSM); Lost Creek, 29 Mar. 78 (2 m, 1 f); CC, 8 Apr. 79 (1 m, 1 f); 2 mi. N. RC, 9 Apr. 79 (3 m), 15 Apr. 79 (7 m, 8 f); CP Rd., 0.6-1. 8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 16 Apr. 77 (4 f); 16 Apr. 79 (5 m, 7 f); White Rock Spring, 21 Apr. 79 (1 m, 9 f); WC, 23 Apr. 78 (7 m, 6f), 27 Apr. 77 (30 m, 33 f; 12 m, 13 f, NSM), 29 Apr. 77 (12 m, 2 f, NSM), 8 May 78 (2 m, 2 f), 13 June 77 (1 f); RD Summit Rd., 1,5-2. 1 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 24 Apr. 77 (18 m, 22 f), 28 Apr. 77 (3 m); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (5 m, 2 f), 8 May 78 (1 f); 1 mi. W. RD Summit, 28 Apr. 77 (2 m, 1 f, NSM); KC, 15.7 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 May 77 (2 m, 1 f); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 2 May 77 (1 f); LC, 6 May 62 (1 m); Charleston Mts., 12 May 34 (1 f, LACM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: GS, 23 Mar. 68 (1968 summ.), 20 Apr. 75 (JB); RD, 23 Mar. 75 (JB, REW); RC, 24 Mar. 74 (REW), 24 Mar. 75 (JB), 7 Apr. 74 (REW); Potosi Mt. Rd., 6-8 Apr. 68 (REW); CP, 7 Apr. 74 (REW); RD near Calico Hills, 19 Apr, 75 (JB); White Rock Springs, 19 Apr. 75 (JB); CP Rd., 0.6-1. 5 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 20 Apr. 77, 29 Apr. 79 (s); KC, 6800', 3-4 May 75 (1975 summ.); 0.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Cowania mexicana var. stansburiana (Torr.) Jeps. (Rosaceae): WC, 27 Apr. 77 (ovip.). ADULT RESOURCES: Rihes aureum {Saxifragace ae); Arctostaphylos pungens (Ericaceae); Salix lasiolepis (Salicaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); Taraxa- cum officinale (Asteraceae). Callophrys eryphon eryphon (Boisduval). One relatively fresh male from the Virgin Mountains is the only county record. The nearest known Nevada population is in the Wilson Creek Range, Lincoln County (GTA, CSL). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) CC, 20 May 76 (1 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Callophrys spinetorum (Hewitson). Uncommon at middle elevations from 4400' to 7000'. It flies in 2 broods from early 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 25 April to late May and early June to early August. The earlier brood occurs mainly below 6000'; later brood is mainly above 6000'. Adults are particularly fond of the flowers of Eriodictyon. Males commonly perch on ridge-top pinons and junipers. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (42) White Rock Springs, 21 Apr. 79 (11 m); RD Summit Rd., 1. 5-2.1 mi, E. Lovell Wash, 24 Apr. 77 (3 f), 28 Apr. 77 (2 f); 0.5 mi, E. MS, 13 May 79 (8 m); WC, 25 May 78 (1 m), 5 June 79 (1 m), 1 1 June 79 (1 m), 20 July 78 (1 m, 1 f), 28 July 77 (1 m); Deer Creek Rd., 7000', 3 July 61 (2 m); Lovell Wash, 6100-6600', 14 July 62 (1 m, 3 f), 18 July 62 (3 m, 3 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Potosi Mt. Rd., 6 Apr. 74 (REW), 8 Apr. 71 (REW); WC, 27 Apr. 77, 30 May 66 (s); Willow Springs, 10 May 66 (JFL); Mt. Charleston, 15 June 40 (Shields 1965); RD Summit Rd., 1.5 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 22 June 77 (s); SM, 7000', 23 June 61 (KR); LC, 6000', 23 June 61 (KR); Charleston Peak, 29 June 35 (Howe 1975); WC, 13 July 72 (DEA), 16 July 72 (JFL); Charleston Mts., 6 Aug. 61 (1961 summ.). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae) ;Arctostap%/os pungens (Ericaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Salix lasiolepis (Salicaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); Tetradymia canescens (Asteraceae). Callophrys siua siva (Edwards). Fairly common at the middle elevations in the Pinon-Juniper belt. It flies in 2 broods from late March to late May and early June to late July with some variation depending on elevation. Clark County material is assigned to nominate siua on the advice of John Lane. All populations in the county, however, show some intermediacy with the unnamed Great Basin brown population occurring farther north. SPECIMENS EXAMINED; (131) CC, 8 Apr. 79 (2 m), 20 May 79 (1 f); MM, 12 Apr. 69 (1 m, NSM); 2 mi. N. RC, 15 Apr. 79 (4 m, 2 f); CP Rd., 1.8 mi. S. Pahramp Rd., 16 Apr. 77 (1 f); RD Summit Rd., 1.5-2. 1 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 24 Apr. 77 (1 m, 2 f), 28 Apr. 77 (1 m; 1 f, CSL), 2 June 77 (1 m, 1 f), 22 June 77 (4 m, 7 f), 27 July 77 (1 m); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 29 Apr. 77 (2 m, 1 f, CSL; 1 f, NSM) 30 May 66 (1 m), 6 June 78 (1 m, 1 f), 13 June 77 (2 f), 22 June 78 (1 m,' 3 f), 4 July 62 (1 f), 28 July 77 (1 m); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (1 f), 5 June 79 (6 m, 3 f), 6 June 78 (1 f), 1 1 June 79 (23 m, 10 f), 22 June 68 (1 f), 22 June 78 (1 f), 1 July 77 (1 m, 1 f); KC, 5680', 1 May 66 (1 m); Pine Creek, 2 May 77 (1 f); 0.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (2 f); Charleston Mts., 14 May 34 (1 f, LACM); Potosi Mt. Rd. at Pahrump Rd., 2 June 77(1 m); Trout Canyon Rd., 14 June 77 (5 m, 2 f); KC, 14.5 mi. W. U.S. 95, 14 June 77 (1 m), 20 June 77 (1 m), 20 June 79 (1 m, 1 f), 6 July 77 (2 m); Lovell Wash, 22 June 77 (3 m), 14 July 62 (1 m, 1 f), 18 July 62 (1 m, 2 f), 27 July 77 (1 m); LC at Mack’s Canyon Rd., 23 June 77 (1 f); Mormon Well, 1 July 69 (1, LACM); 26 mi. E. CN, Mormon Well Rd., 1 July 69 (1, LACM); Sawmill Canyon, 6000-7000', 2 July 69 (5, LACM); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 5 July 78 (2 f); Cold Creek Ranger Station, 20 July 77 (2 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Early spring specimens have also been taken near GS, 23 Mar. 77 (KBT); Pine Creek, 23 Mar. 72 (JFL): RC, 24 Mar. 75 (JB) and Potosi Mt. Rd., 8 Apr. 71 (REW). Additional records are for locations and span of dates listed above. ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Stanley a pin- nata (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum mkrothecum, Eriogonum umhellatum (Poly gonaceae); Arctostaphylos pungens (Ericaceae); Sarcostemma cynachoides (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Cryptantha jamesii (Boraginaceae); Melilotus albus, Trifolium repens (Fabaceae); Salix sp. (Salicaceae); Rhus trilobata 26 J. Res. Lepid. (Anacardiaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Senecio multilobatus, Tetradymia canescens (Asteraceae). Callophrys sheridanii comstocki Henne. Locally common with all records except one (Virgin Mountains) for the higher desert area between Goodsprings and Mountain Springs Summit. There are two broods from late March to early May and late August to mid September. The fall brood is more yellow-green below than the spring brood as found in California populations (Emmel and Emmel 1973). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (152) 0.7 mi. NNW Wilson Pass _(4 m, JFE); Wilson Pass, 25 Mar. 78(1 m), 29 Mar. 78(1 m); CC, 29 Mar. 71 (1 f, NSM); 6 mi. N. GS, 4 Apr. 77 (10 m, 3 f, DM); 2-3.3 mi. N. RC, 5 Apr. 78 (9 m, NSM; 30 m, 1 f), 11 Apr. 78 (2 m, NSM), 15 Apr. 79 (39 m), 4 May 78 (1 m), 21 Aug. 79 (11 m), 26 Aug. 79 (2 m, 1 f), 2 Sept. 78 (2 1 m, 9 f), 3 Sept. 78 (2 m, NSM), 8 Sept. 78 (2 m, NSM), 1 1 Sept. 78 (2 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: GS, 23 Mar. 68 (Callaghan 1970); RC, 24 Mar. 75 (JB, RE W), 7 Apr. 74 (RE W); Potosi Mt. Rd., 6 Apr. 7 1 (RE W); GS, 1 1 Apr. 7 1 (s); N. GS, 20 Apr. 75 (JB). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum heermannii Dur. & Hilg. var. sulcatum (S. Wats.) Munz & Reveal (Polygonaceae): 2-3 mi. N. RC, several dates (adult assoc.). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum heermannii, Eriogonum microthecum (Poly- gonaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); C hrysothamnus sp. (Asteraceae). Atlides halesus concorani (Clench). Locally common in the valleys in stands of Prosopis or Acacia on which its foodplant, Phoradendron californicum, is parasitic. The flight period extends from late February to mid November involving at least 4 broods with peaks in early April, early June, late July and October. The last 2 broods appear to be more numerous than earlier broods. There are a few high elevation specimens which inay represent strays or small colonies on Phoradendron juniperinum. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (106) Records extend from 25 Feb. (78, PV, 1 f) to 11 Dec. (77, GC, 1 f). High elevation specimens are: 0.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (2 m), 19 May 78 (2 m); WC, 28 July 77 (1 f); WC, 6 June 78 (2 f). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Phoradendron californicum Nutt. (Viscaceae) on Prosopis glandulosa: PV, 18 July 77 (ovip.). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Eriogonum fascicu- latum, Eriogonum plumatella, Eriogonum sp. (Polygonaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa (Fabaceae); Salix sp. (Salicaceae); Sambucus caerulea (Capri- folicaceae); Bebbia juncea, Solidago spectabilis, Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia canescens, Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae). Strymon melinus pudica (H. Edwards). Common, especially in agricultural areas, but with records for a variety of habitats to 9000'. The flight period extends from late March through mid November involving several broods. Desert records are for spring and fall. Clark County material is tentatively assigned to the California race on the advice of Glenn A. Gorelick pending completion of his study on this species. "SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (209) Records for numerous locations between 25 Mar. 79, XM, (1 m) and 16 Nov. (77, KC, s); high elevation records extend from 30 May (66, WC, 1 m) to 26 Oct. (77, WC, 1 f). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 27 ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentrandra {Tamaricaceae); Eriogonum fasci- culatum, Eriogonum heermanni, Eriogonum plumatella, Eriogonum umbellatum, Eriogonum wrightii (Polygonaceae); Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaeae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyl- laceae); Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae); Fallugia paradoxa (Rosaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Medicago saliva, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Helianthus annuus, Bebbia juncea, Bailey a pleniradiata, Hymenoxys cooperi, Solidago spectabilis, Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia axillaris, Tetradymia canescens, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Lycaena helloides (Boisduval). Locally common in agricultural areas of Moapa and Virgin valleys. There are at least 3 broods in a season ranging from mid April to late October. The fall brood is by far the largest, peaking in early to late October. The larvae undoubtedly feed on Rumex sp. which commonly borders fields and adults are often taken at Medicago flowers. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (56) LO, 13 Apr. 78 (1 m), 10 July 68 (1 m), 9 Aug. 77 (1 m, 2 f), 23 Aug. 77 (1 f), 17 Sept. 77 (1 f), 28 Sept. 67 (2 m, NSM), 28 Sept. 68 (2 f, NSM), 9 Oct. 77 (1 m, 9 f), 10 Oct. 64 (6 m, 12 f, NSM), 16 Oct. 77 (7 m, 4 f), 2 1 Oct. 79 (1 m); OV, 7 June 77 (1 m); Hidden Valley, 23 Oct. 77 (1 m, 3 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Bunkerville, 17 May 78 (s); Hidden Valley, 7 June 77 (s); LO, 27 June 77, 30 July 77, 4 Sept. 77, 29 Sept. 77, 23 Oct. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae); Medicago saliva (Fabaceae); Helianthus annuus, Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae). Lycaena dorcas castro (Reakirt). The single southern Nevada record was reported by Ferris (1977) from Charleston Park (Kyle Canyon). If a colony once occurred here, it apparently no longer exists as there are no recent records for this well collected area. The specimen may be mislabelled. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Charleston Park, 8000', 26 July 28 (1 m,fide CDF). Brephidium exilis (Boisduval). Locally abundant in somewhat alkaline areas of valleys, otherwise rare to common in a variety of habitats to elevations of 8400'. The flight period at low elevations is from early March to mid Decertiber and at high elevations from early May to mid November. The lateness of the first records at high elevations suggests no overwinter survival there. Reproduction (2-3 broods) occurs at least as high as 6800' where the species is associated with Atriplex canescens. At low elevations, 4 to 5 or more overlapping broods are produced. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (513) Many records from virtually throughout the county. In the lowlands earliest and latest records are 3 Mar. (67,LO,NSM) and 12 Dec. (77, Tule Springs, s). Montane records are from 8 May (78, WC) to 12 Nov. (77, WC, s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. ssp. linearis (Wats.) Hall & Clements (Chenopodiaceae): several locations, many dates (adult assoc.). Suaeda torreyana Wats. (Chenopodiaceae); Hidden Valley, 9 Oct. 77 (larvae); several locations, many dates (adult assoc.). Salsola spp. (probably including S. iberica Sennen & Pau. and S. paulsenii Litv., see Beatley 1976) (Chenopodiaceae): many locations, many dates (adult assoc.). 28 J. Res. LepM. ADULT RESOURCES: Sphaeralcea ambigua (Malvaceae); Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Lepidium fremontii (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriogonum heermannii, Eriogonum wrightii, Polygonum lapathifolium (Poly- gonaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassaui- cum (Boraginaceae); Prosopis glandulosa, Medicago satiua, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Bebbia juncea, Baileya pleni- radiata, Baileya multiradiata, Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Senecio multilobatus, Cirsium sp., (Asteraceae). Leptotes marina (Reakirt). Common to abundant in a variety of habitats to 7t)00' with occasional occurrences as high as 11,000'. The flight season is from late March to mid November at low elevations and from late April to late August at high elevations. Desert records are mainly from March to May. At least 3 broods are produced in mesquite habitat (May, June, July), continuous broods in agricultural areas (May-October) and a single brood at high elevations (June-July). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (403) Numerous records at many locations at low elevations with records from 25 Mar. (72, 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, REW) to 12 Nov. (77, Tule Springs, s). High elevation records are few but widespread from 29 Apr. (77, WC, CSL) to 26 Oct. (77, WC, 1 m). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Acacia greggii Gray (Fabaceae): PV, 8 June 77 (ovip. at base of flower buds). Prosopis glandulosa Tott. (Fabaceae): 0.5 mi. E. Blue Diamond, 22 May 78 (ovip. on flower buds, 09:30 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae) ; Larrea triden- tata (Zygophyllaceae); Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Sisymbrium altissimum, Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum sp., Eriogonum fascicu- latum {Folygonaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum {ksclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angus- tifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Medicago satiua, Melilotus albus. Trifolium repens (Fabaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, Chaenactis fremontii, Haplopappus sp., Bac- charis sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia canescens, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Hemiargus ceraunus gyas (Edwards). Fairly common throughout at elevations below 7800' and occasional to 11,000'. The flight period at low elevations is from early April to mid November. Along small desert washes, there are broods in April-May and October-November; in mesquite stands and agricultural areas, there is a large brood flying from early July through mid September depending on location and with scattered individuals at other times of the year and at high elevations, there are at least 2 broods peaking in July and October. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (179) Numerous records, especially at low eleva- tions from 4 Apr. (77, PV, s) to 12 Dec. (77, Tule Springs, s). High elevation records are from 13 June (77, WC, 1 f) to 12 Nov. (77, WC, 3 m). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Psorothamniis fremontii (Torr.) Barneby (Fabaceae): RR, 14 May 77 (ovip. on new leaf growth, 10:30 PST); U.S. 93, 5 mi. N. 1-15, 14 May 78 (ovip. on leaf buds, 09:15 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Eriogonum de- flexum, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriogonum wrightii (Folygonaceae); Physalis eras- 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 29 sifolia {Solanaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Medi- cago saliva, Melilotus albus, Psorothamnus fremontii (Fabaceae); Bebbia juncea, ■Chaenactis fremontii, Palafoxia linearis, Erigeron sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia axillaris (Asteraceae). Hemiargus isola alee (Edwards). Commoner than the above with an equally broad ecological range but has a more restricted season. Records extend from early April to late July at low elevations and from late April to early August (once late October) at high elevations. Desert records are for a single brood in April and May, at least 3 broods are produced in mesquite stands (April, May, July) and a single brood flies in July at high elevations. This species is outnumbered by ceraunus only in agricultural areas. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (212) Numerous records from many locations to 11,000'. Records extend from 8 Apr. (77, several locations) to 31 July (77, PV s) at low elevations and 18 Apr. (77, KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 f) to 5 Aug. (77, WC, 1 f and Cold Creek, 1 m) at high elevations. One very late specimen on 26 Oct. 77 (WC, 1 m). ADULT RESOURCES: Sisymbrium altissimum (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum umbellatum (Polygonaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Melilotus albus, Melilotus officinalis. Trifolium repens (Fabaceae); Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Baileya pleniradiata, Tetradymia axillaris, Senecio douglasii, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Plebejus melissa melissa (Edwards). Rare in agricultural areas of Moapa Valley in fall with records from early September to late October. Clark County material is tentatively assigned to the nominate race but may represent an undescribed subspecies. The insect is fairly small, the wings (especially the hindwing) appear more rounded than those of other populations examined and the females are quite dark with barely a hint of basal blue overscaling. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (7) OV, 4 Sept. 66 (2 m, 1 f); LO, 4 Sept. 66 (1 m), 16 Oct. 77 (1 m, 1 f); Hidden Valley, 23 Oct. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: OV, 29 Sept. 66, 10 Oct. 64 (PJH). Plebejus icarioides evius (Boisduval). Common to abundant in stands of Lupinus above 6400' mainly in the Kyle Canyon and Lee Canyon areas of the Spring Range. The flight period of the single brood is from mid May to early September. There are records from the Virgin Mountains from mid May to late June and in early October. The Spring Range specimens are of large size with relatively strong maculation and fit closest to the concept of evius. The females are variable and over 60% have orange scaling on the hindwing above. The few specimens from the Virgin Mountains are smaller in size, have reduced maculation beneath and the females have increased black scaling on the forewing above and no orange scaling. They thus tend towards the Great Basin P. i. ardea (Edwards). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (316) Numerous records for the Spring Range to 11,300' from 12 May (34, Charleston Mts. 1 f, LACM) to 1 Sept. (77, KC Ski Run, 6 m, 3 f). Also recorded in the Virgin Mountains: 20 May 79 (1 m), 30 May 74 (2 m, 1 f, NSM), 7 June 78 (s), 26 June 78 (2 m, 3 f), 7 Oct. 73 (1 f, NSM). ADULT RESOURCES: Linum lewisii (Linaceae); Eriogonum umbellatum (Poly- 30 J. Res. Lepid. gonaceae); Potentilla propinqua (Rosaceae); Lupinus sp., Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Chaenactis douglasii, Erigeron sp., Senecio douglasii (Asteraceae). Plebejus shasta charlestonensis Austin. Usually rare (may be common in some years) in Kyle and Lee canyons above 8200' and in the Willow Creek area at 6000' to 8000'. The flight period of the single brood is from early July to mid August. This taxon was recently described by Austin (1980). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (17) LC Ski area, 5 July 76 (1 m, DM); LC, 8250'- 8800', 21 July 63 (7 m, 7 f); KC, 9000', 25 July 65 (1 m); KC, 8500', 27 July 65 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Deer Creek Rd., 7000', 1 July 50 (FWP, figured in Howe 1975); Cathedral Rock, 10 July 72 (DEA); WC, 6000-8000', 15 July 28 (Gunder colln. at American Museum of Natural History, fide JFE); LC Ski Area, 1 2- 17 Aug. 63 (JFL). Plebejus acmon acmon (Westwood & Hewitson). This taxon is known in the county only from the Newberry Mountains and a single specimen from Las Vegas. The flight period is from late March to late October. The Newberry Mountains’ population of P. acmon (referred to as acmon acmon) has a pinkish-orange submarginal band on the secondaries and a narrow, non-infusive dark margin on the primaries. All other Clark Co. populations (referred to as acmon texanus) have an orange (with no pink tinge) submarginal band on the secondaries. The dark margin on the primaries is broad with an indistinct inner border. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (15) XM, 12 May 78 (1 f), 23 May 78 (1 f), 1 June 78 (1 m, 2 f), 3 July 78 (1 f), 21 July 78 (1 m, 1 f), 4 Aug. 78 (1 f); Las Vegas, 29 June 62 (1 m); GC, 3 July 78 (1 m, 1 f) 21 July 78 (1 m), 4 Aug. 78 (1 m), 29 Oct. 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 31 Mar. 77 (CSL); XM, 21 May 73 (PJH); GC, 26 Sept. 78 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriogonum plumatella (Poly- gonaceae); Tetradymia axillaris (Asteraceae). Plebejus acmon texanus Goodpasture. This race of acmon constitutes the bulk of records for the species in Clark County, ft is found throughout except in the Newberry Mountains and at the highest elevations. It flies in several broods from late March to late October. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (230) Many locations and dates between 28 Mar. (71, 6 mi. N. Apex, 1 m, NSM) and 26 Oct. (77, WC, 1 m). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum umbellatum (Polygonaceae); Sarcostemma cynachoides {Asclepiadaceae); Eucrypta micrantha, Phacelia fremontii, Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Crypthantha sp. (Boraginaceae); Potentilla pro- pingua (Rosaceae); Melilotus albus, Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Eriophyllum wallacei, Tetradymia canescens, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Everes amyntula (Boisduval). Uncommon in the Spring Range at elevations between 6000' and 9000'. It appears to be single brooded with records from mid May to late July and single records in late August and early October. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (28) Charleston Mts., 12 May 34 (5 m, LACM); WC, 25 May 78 (1 m), 5 June 79 (1 nf), 6 June 78 (1 m), 13 June 77 (1 m), 22 June 68 (2 m), 22 June 78(1 m), 30 Aug. 77 (1 m), 1 Oct. 73 (1 m, UNLV); KC Campground, 31 May 77 (2 m), 8 June 77 (2 m, 3 f), 17 June 77 (1 m); WC, 13 June 77 (1 m), 28 July 77 (2 m); above Cathedral Rock Campground, 17 June 77 (1 m); LC Ski Area, 29 July 77 (1 m, 1 f). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 31 ADDITIONAL RECORDS: WC, 1 July 77 (s), 13 July 72 (DEA), 16 July 72 (JFL), 28 July 77 (s); KC Campground, 22 June 78 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum umbellatum (Polygonaceae). Euphilotes battoides nr. ellisii (Shields). A population with a phenotype similar to that of populations in desert mountains of eastern California flies during August and September in the southern Spring Range. We have been unable to find it around its suspected foodplant in other portions of the Spring Range. The use of the genus Euphilotes follows Mattoni (1977). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (22) 2-3.3 mi. N. RC, 19 Aug. 79 (2 m), 21 Aug. 79 (Im, 2 f), 26 Aug. 79 (1 m, 1 f), 2 Sept. 78 (1 m, 6 f), 3 Sept. 78 (1 f, NSM), 8 Sept. 78 (1 m, 2 f, NSM; 2 f); 11 Sept. 78 (2 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum heermannii Dur. & Hilg. var. sulcatum (S. Wats.) Munz & Reveal (Polygonaceae): 3 mi. N. RC, 2,11 Sept. 78 (adult assoc.). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum heermanni (Polygonaceae). Euphilotes battoides martini (Mattoni). Common in association with Eriogonum fasciculatum especially in the Newberry Mountains. Smaller populations occur in the Spring, Virgin and Las Vegas ranges. The flight period is from mid March to late May. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (357) Newberry Mts., 8 Apr. 70 (1 m, NSM); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 8 Apr. 77 (5 m, 1 f, NSM; 7 m, 4 f), 20 Apr. 78 (9 m, NSM; 7 m, 3 f), 22 Apr. 79 (12 m, 12 f), 1 May 75 (1 m, 1 f, NSM); 3 May 78 (9 m, 12 f), 12 May 78 (1 m, 1 f), 23 May 78 (1 m); GC, 8 Apr. 78 (2 m, 1 f, NSM; 3 m, 1 f), 12 Apr. 78 (1 m, NSM; 2 m, 2 f), 15 Apr. 78 (5 m, 1 f), 20 Apr. 78"(4 m, NSM; 12 m, 1 f), 3 May 78 (8 m, 5 f); XM, 22 Apr. 79 (39 m, 2 f), 3 May 78 (25 m, 22 f), 5 May 77 (4 m, 12 f, NSM; 6 m), 6 May 79 (29 m, 30 f), 12 May 78 (5 m, 6 f), 23 May 78 (4 f); Pine Creek, 2 May 77 (1 m), 22 May 78 (3 m, 4 f); Bridge Canyon, 3 May 78 (4 m, 3 f); CC, 10 May 78 (3 m, 1 f), 17 May 78 (5 m, 5 ”f), 18 May 78 (2 m, 1 f), 20 May 79 (1 f); U.S. 93, 5-8 mi. N. 1-15, 14 May 78 (1 m, 4 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: GC, 18 Mar. 72 (JFL), 12 May 78 (s); XM, 18 Mar. 72 (JFL), 20 Apr. 78 (s); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 25 Mar. 72 (RE W), 31 Mar. 77 (CSL); CC, 20 May 78, 29 May 78 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. ssp. poliofolium (Benth.) S. Stokes (Polygonaceae): 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 8 Apr. 77 (ovip. on flower heads, 10:00 PST); GC, several dates (adult assoc.); XM, several dates (adult assoc.); Pine Creek, 2 May 77, 22 May 78 (adult assoc.); CC, several dates (adult assoc.); U.S. 93, 5-8 mi. N. 1-15, 14 May 78 (adult assoc.). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum fasciculatum (Polygonaceae); males and, occasionally females visit mud, Euphilotes battoides baueri (Shields). This taxon has been recorded once in Clark County. It was originally reported as ‘‘"Philotes” mojaue collected on 14 April 1969 (1969 summ.); the specimens are the only ones located in Nevada State Museum bearing the date of 13 May 1969. We retain the label date but point out the strong possibility that the correct one is in April (see introduction) or that these specimens are not from Clark County. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (2) AC, 13 May 69 (1 m, 1 f, NSM). This record also was reported by Shields (1975). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. 32 J. Res. Lepid. Euphilotes enoptes (Boisduval) ssp. A nearly purple, heavily marked population of enoptes occurs in the Spring Range between 6100' and 7200'. It flies in association with Eriogonum umbellatum from early June to mid August. This unnamed population has been variously referred to as near E. e. enoptes and E. e. ancilla (Barnes & McDunnough). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (192) WC, 5 June 79 (60 m), 6 June 78 (53 m), 11 June 79 (33 m), 13 June 77 (9 m), 20 July 77 (7 m, 1 f); end KC, 2 July 36 (1 m, LACM); KC Campground, 25 July 77 (2 m, 1 f); WC, 20 July 78 (10 m, 5 f), 28 July 77 (5 m, 4 f), 19 Aug. 77 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: WC, 17 June 77 (s), 16 July 72 (JFL), 28 July 77 (s); Mt. Charleston, 7200', 26 June 59 (Shields 1977); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 6 July 77 (s); KC, 7100', 14 July 66 (Shields 1977). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. subaridum S. Stokes (Polygonaceae): WC, 28 July 77 (ovip. on flowers, 08:30 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum umbellatum (Polygonaceae); males fre- quent mud. Euphilotes enoptes dammersi (Comstock & Henne). The only records are from mid September to early October in the Newberry Mountains and in the Spring Range at Pine Creek. The one previous record for Nevada is for Lincoln County (Shields 1977). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (55) GC, 13 Sept. 78 (2 m, NSM), 20 Sept. 78 (1 m, 2 f, NSM; 4 m, 4 f), 26 Sept. 78 (2 m, 3 f, NSM; 2 m 5 f), 27 Sept. 77 (3 m), 4 Oct. 77 (6 m, 2 f); XM, 13 Sept. 78 (1 m, 2 f); Pine Creek, 19 Sept. 78 (1 m), 19 Sept. 79 (3 m, 5 f), 22 Sept. 78 (2 m, 5 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Sacatone Wash, 26 Sept. 78 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum wrightii Torr. ex Benth (Polygonaceae): GC, 4 Oct. 77 (ovip. on flower buds, 10:00 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum plumatella, Eriogonum umbellatum, Eriog- onum wrightii (Polygonaceae); males visit mud. Euphilotes mojaue (Watson & Comstock). A population of this species was discovered in the Virgin Mountains in 1978. It flies from early May to early June at elevations between 3800' and 6000'. Although this population is undoubtedly mojaue there are certain differences from nominate mojaue and the population probably deserves a name. There are no previous Nevada records (those reported in the 1969 summ. are actually battoides, see above). We agree with Mattoni (1977) that mojaue deserves specific status and is not a race of enoptes as suggested by Shields (1975). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (84) CC, 10 May 78 (9 m), 18 May 78 (25 m, 9 f), 20 May 78 (6 m, 4 f), 20 May 79 (16 m, 10 f), 29 May 78 (1 m, 2 f), 7 June 78 (2 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Eriogonum nidularium Cov. (Polygonaceae): CC, 20 May 78 (abdominal probing near unopened flower buds, 13:55 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum uimineum (Polygonaceae); Cryptantha sp. (Boraginaceae). Philotiella speciosa speciosa (H. Edwards). Two specimens are known from Clark County. One bears no date on its label but was apparently taken on 14 April 1969 (1969 summ., see introduction above; 19(1): 1=63, 1980(81) 33 Shields, 197 4, reports this as a May specimen) and the other was taken in June. The genus Philotiella was recently proposed by Mattoni (1977), SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (2) AC, no date (1 m, NSM); Willow Spring, 17 June 78 (1 m, ex DM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Doubieday) ssp. Small numbers of this species fly from early April to mid May in the higher desert between Goodsprings and the Pahrump Road in the Cottonwood Pass area of the southern Spring Range. There is also one record for the McCullough Mountains. It appears to belong to the unnamed eastern Mojave Desert population that is known from several desert ranges in California (Enimel and Emmel 1973). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (113) MM, 12 Apr. 69 (1 m, NSM); CP, 0.6M.8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 16 Apr. 77 (1 m), 16 Apr. 79 (65 m, 5 f), 22 Apr. 78 (5 m, 3 f), 29 Apr. 8 (7 m, 2 f), 29 Apr. 79 (14 m, 7 f), 2 May 78 (2 m), 11 May 78 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: CP and RC, 7 Apr. 74 (REW); 1 mi. N. CP, 12 Apr. 76 (JB); CP Road, 0.6 mi, S. Pahrump Rd., 20 Apr, 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Astragalus lentiginosus Dough var. fremontii (A. Gray) S. Wats. (Fabaceae): CP Rd., 1,5 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 22 Apr. 78 (abdominal probing among flowers). ADULT RESOURCES: Dicheiostemma pulchellum (Amaryllidaceae); Arabis sp, (Brassicaceae); Salvia dorrii (Lamiaceae); Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae). Glaucopsyche lygdamus oro Scudder, A few records from Kyle Canyon from mid June to late July indicate the presence of a small colony of this taxon in the Spring Range. It is associated with Lupinus and seems best placed in the Rocky Mountain-Great Basin race oro. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (4) above Cathedral Rock Campground, 8000b 17 June 77 (1 m, 1 f); KC Ski Run, 2 July 78 (1 f), 23 July 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Celastrina argiolus cinerea (Edwards). Common to locally abundant at elevations between 3600' and 95007 Records extend from mid March to late October. Early spring records especially are from the more mesic lower canyons with the first high elevation records in late April. Early spring specimens tend to be smaller than those from later broods. Spring females have relatively narrow black borders above; summer females are heavily bordered with black, a form to which the name “arizonensis” has been applied. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (376) Many records from the Spring Range from 19 Mar. (72, Calico Basin, s) to 24 Oct. (65, Calico Basin, 1 m). There are a few records for the Virgin Mts. and one for the Newberry Mts. (GC, 20 Sept. 78, 1 m). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rybd. (Rosaceae): Deer Creek, 25 June 68 (ovip. on flower buds, JFE, OS). Peraphyllum ramosissi- mum Nutt. (Rosaceae): RD Summit Rd., 1.5 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 24 April 77 (ovip. on flower buds). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum plumatelia, Eriogonum umhellatum, Eriog- onum wrightii (Polygonaceae); Arctostaphylos pungens (Ericaceae); Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Sarcostemma cynachoides (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Potentilla propinqua (Rosaceae); Lupinus sp. Melilotus alhus (Fabaceae); Acer giabrum (Aceraceae); Rhus triiobata (Anacardiaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Chrysothamnus sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetra- dyrnia canescens, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae), 34 J. Res, LepM. Family Libytheidae Lihytheana bachmanii larvata (Strecker). Usually uncommon to rare, but abundant in some years to 7 600'. It occurs in most habitats but is most common along desert washes where Chrysothamnus is flowering. All except three records are from late August to mid December and probably represent migrants. The May and June records may be of individuals raised locally on Celtis reticulata which occurs rarely in the Red Rock area and in the Virgin Mountains. This remains to be documented. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (104) GC, 14 Sept. 77(1 m), 4 Oct. 77(1 f), 12 Oct. 77 (2 f), 25 Oct. 77 (7 m, 1 f), 3 Nov. 77 (2 m, 4 f), 11 Dec. 77 (2 m, 1 f); Bowman’s Reservoir, 17 Sept. 77 (1 m); LO, 28 Sept. 66 (3, NSM), 16 Oct. 77 (1 f); Las Vegas, 3 Oct. 77 (1 m, UNLV); 2.9 mi, W, Searchlight, 4 Oct. 77 (1 m, 1 f); 1.8 mi. E. Blue Diamond, 1 1 Oct. 77 (1 m), 22 Oct. 77 (6 m, 1 f), 2 Nov. 77 (2 m, 1 f); WC, 14 Oct. 77 (1 f); KC Ski Run, 15 Oct. 77 (1 m); Whitney Mesa, 21 Oct. 77 (1 m, 4 f); Pahrump Rd., 3 mi. W. Blue Diamond turnoff, 22 Oct. 77 (14 m, 9 f); 0.6 mi, W. Blue Diamond, 22 Oct. 77 (1 f); Newberry Mts., 23 Oct. 70 (17, NSM); 2 mi. W. Searchlight, 25 Oct. 77 (3, NSM); Cold CreekRanger Station, 26 Oct. 77 (3 m); WC, 26 Oct. 77 (1 m, 1 f); Tule Springs, 4 Nov. 77 (2 m); CN, 12 Nov. 77 (1 m, 1 f); 1 mi. W. MS, 16 Nov. 77 (1 f); KC, 20 mi. W.'U.S. 95, 16 Nov. 77 (1 f); RD, 25 Nov. 77 (1 f, UNLV); PV, 28 Nov. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: GC, 23 Mar. 78 (s); Willow Springs, 10 May 66 (JFL); MS, 30 June 63 (KR); Potosi Mt. Rd., 23 Aug. 75 (JB); CN, 1 Sept. 63 (KR); 14 Oct. 77, 26 Oct. 77, 4 Nov. 77 (s); 15.9 mi. W. Searchlight, 4 Oct, 77 (s); Las Vegas, 6 Oct. 70 (JFL); LO, 7 Oct. 64 (PJH); KC, 9.3 mi. W. U.S. 95, 15 Oct. 77 (s); jet. U.S. 93 and 1-15, 23 Oct. 77, 5 Nov, 77 (s); Echo Canyon, 24 Oct. 77 (s); 0.2 mi. E. Boulder City, 25 Oct. 77 (s); WC, 26 Oct. 77 (s); Tule Springs, 1 Nov. 77, 12 Nov. 77, 12 Dec. 77 (s); 1.0 mi. W. MS, 1 Nov. 77 (s); UNLV campus, 1 Noy. 77 (s); 0.6 mi. W. Blue Diamond, 1 Nov. 77 (s); RR, 3 Nov. 77 (s); 0.5 mi. E. Boulder City, 3 Nov. 77 (s); 1.8 mi. E. Blue Diamond, 16 Nov. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum sp. (Polygonaceae) ; Me/i/otus albus (Fabaceae); Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Family Nymphalidae Asterocampa celtis montis (Edwards). A small population of this taxon occurs in association with Celtis reticulata in the Virgin Mountains. There are no other records for Nevada. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: None. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 0.4 mi. N. Nay (Whitney on maps) Ranch, 11 Sept. 78 (KR), 11 Oct 78 (s). Limenitis archippus obsoleta Edwards. Local in Moapa Valley in close association with stands of Populus and/or Saiix. It flies in at least 2 broods from early June to late October; an early brood is suggested by a specimen from Beaver Dam, Mohave Co., Arizona, on 7 April 1963 (1 m). The June brood appears to be the most numerous. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (53) Hidden Valley, 7 June 77 (1 m), 27 June 77 (5 m), 12 July 77 (1 m), 9 Aug. 77 (1 m); Bowman’s Reservoir, 7 June 77 (1 m), 15 Jpne T7 (7 m, 3 f), 16 June 77 (1 m, NSM), 27 June 77 (4 m, 1 f), 4 July 77 (3 m), 30 July 77 (2 m), 23 Aug. 77 (1 m), 9 Oct. 77 (1 m); LO, 15 June 77 (1 m), 4 July 77 (1 m), 23 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 35 Aug. 77 (2 m), 9 Sept. 79 (1 m, 2 f), 27 Sept. 78 (3 m, 1 f), 9 Oct. 77 (2 m, 1 f), 16 Oct. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 21 Oct. 79 (1 m); OV, 16 June 77 (2 m, NSM), 10 Oct. 64 (2 f, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: LO, 27 June 77, 9 Aug. 77 (s); Hidden Valley, 4 July 77, 30 July 77 (s); Bowman’s Reservoir, 9 Aug. 77, 4 Sept. 77, 29 Sept. 77 (s); OV, 27 Sept. 78 (s), 1 Oct. 68 (1968 summ.). Limenitis weidemeyerii angustifascia (Barnes & McDunnough). A population assigned to this taxon flies in the Virgin Mountains in May and June. This material shows no intermediacy with neuadae. It is large with the more rounded wings of the Arizona race but has slightly wider median white bands. In this feature it is slightly intermediate towards L. w. latifascia Perkins & Perkins. Only one of the nine specimens examined has a trace of white in the cell. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (9) CC, 4000-6000\ 29 May 78 (1 m), 7 June 78 (4 m), 26 June 78 (4 m). ’additional RECORDS: CC, 20 May 79 (s); Virgin Mts., 7200', 30 June 66 (JFL). Limenitis weidemeyerii nevadae (Barnes & Benjamin). This distinctive taxon occurs in the Spring Range from 4400' in mesic canyons to about 8400'; it is most common in Kyle Canyon (above 6500') and in the Cold- Willow creeks area. There are also records of this race from the Sheep Range. The single brood flies from late May to late August with a peak in early July. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (183) Many records from 22 May (78, Pine Creek, 1 m) to 22 Aug. (77, KC Ski Run, 1 f). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae); Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Adelpha bredowii eulalia (Doubleday). Fairly common in certain low, mesic canyons and at high elevations in the vicinity of oaks. It occasionally strays as far as Las Vegas. The flight period at low elevations is from mid April to mid July and early September to early November. At high elevations, it flies from late May to early October. At least two broods are involved. The Spring Range population apparently represents the westernmost extreme of this subspecies’ range. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (95) RD Springs, 14 Apr. 64 (1 m); Lost Creek, 3 May 77 (1 m, NSM), 2 June 77^3 m, NSM); CC, 12 May 77 (1 m, NSM), 17 May 78 (1 m), 20 May 78 (1 m), 20 May 79 (1 m), 29 May 78 (6 m), 7 June 78 (4 m), 26 June 78 (2 m, 1 f), 28 Sept. 74 (4 m, 5 f, NSM), 1 1 Oct. 78 (1 m, 1 f); Pine Creek, 22 May 78 (3 m), 2 June 77 (1 m, NSM), 1 Sept. 75 (1 f, NSM), 12 Sept. 75 (1 f, NSM), 19 Sept. 77 (1 m, 1 f), UNLV), 24 Sept. 73 (2, UNLV), 29 Sept. 71 (1, UNLV), 5 Oct. 77 (1 m, 1 f); Virgin Mts., 30 May 74 (2 f, NSM), 7 Oct. 73 (1 m, 1 f, NSM); RD Summit Rd., 1.5-2. 1 mi. E, Lovell Wash, 2 June 77 (1 f), 22 June 77 (1 m, 1 f); Willow Spring, 2 June 77 (2 m, NSM); WC, 22 June 68 (1 f), 13 Oct. 78 (1 m); Deer Creek Rd., 2.8 mi. N. KC, 26 June 79 (1 m); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 28 June 78 (1 m), 5 July 78 (1 f), 25 Aug. 78 (2 m), 26 Sept. 77 (1 m); KC Campground, 24 June 79 (2 m, 1 f), 30 June 77 (1 f, NSM); Charleston Park, 30 June 77 (1 m, 2 f, NSM); KC Ski Run, 20 June 79 (2 m), 2 July 78 (1 f); KC, 7500', 15 July 74 (2 m, 1 f); Clark Co., 9 Sept. 73 (1, UNLV), 9 Sept. 74 (1, UNLV), 12 Sept. 76 (1, UNLV), 24 Sept. 73 (3, UNLV), 29 Sept. 71 (1, UNLV), 30 Sept. 76 (1, UNLV), 13 Oct. 74 (1, UNLV), 15 Oct. 74 (1, UNLV)r KC, 11 Sept. 74 (2 f, NSM); RD, 23 Sept. 77 (1 m, UNLV), 15 Oct. 73 (1, UNLV); 36 J. Res. Lepid. Las Vegas, 24 Sept. 74 (1, UNLV), Oct. 74 (1, UNLV), 21 Oct. 71 (1, UNLV), 10 Nov, 76 (1, UNLV); Lovell Canyon, 25 Sept. 75 (1 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RE CORDS: Many additional records from locations and within the dates cited above. Additional collection sites are: MS, LC, Camp Bonanza, Arden Springs, Ash Springs and Oak Creek Canyon. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Quercus gambelii Nutt. (Fagaceae): RD Summit Rd., 22 June 77 (ovip.). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Chryso- thamnus sp., Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Vanessa atalanta rubria (Fruhstorfer). Fairly common locally in fall during some years but rare at other times of the year. There are a few records of mostly single individuals from March to August and a large brood from late September to early November. The habitat of V. atalanta is generally adjacent to riparian areas although it is occasionally found away from these situations. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (49) CC, 10 May 78 (1 m); WC, 5 June 79 (1 f), 22 June 78 (2 m), 14 Oct. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 26 Oct. 77 (1 f); WC, 22 June 78 (1 f), 14 Oct. 77 (5 m, 6 f), 26 Oct. 77 (2 m, 3 f); Lovell Wash, 4475', 17 June 62 (1 m); Clark Co., 15 July 74 (1, UNLV); Deer'Creek, 21 Aug. 71 (1, UNLV); Lovell Wash, 25 Sept. 75 (1 f, NSM); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 27 Sept. 78 (2 f); LO, 27 Sept. 78 (2 f); KC, 3998', 9 Oct. 66 (1 f); KC, 6940', 9 Oct. 66 (3 f); Tule Springs, 13 Oct. 77 (7, CSL), 14 Oct. 77 (1 f), 4 Nov. 77 (2 m); KC Ski Run, 13 Oct. 78 (1 m), 15 Oct. 77 (1 m); Echo Canyon, 24 Oct. 77 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 25 Mar. 79 (s); XM, 12 Apr. 78 (s); Hidden Valley, 13 Apr. 78 (s); White Rock Spring, 21 Apr. 79 (2); CP Rd., 1.5 78 (s); Hidden Valley, 13 Apr. 78 (s); White Rock Spring, 21 Apr. 79 (s); CP Rd., 1.5 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 29 Apr. 79 (s); Lovell Wash, 5375', 17 June 62 (s); WC, 11 June 79, 22 June 78, 1 July 77, 20 July 77 (s); KC Ski Run, 20 June 79, 2 July 78, 8 Oct. 77 (s); Lost Creek, 23 June 78 (s); LC ballfield, 29 July 77 (s); CN, 14 Oct. 77, 4 Nov. 77 (s); Echo Canyon, 15 Oct. 77 (s); KC Campground, 15 Oct. 77, 24 Oct. 77 (s); 'Tule Springs, 1 Nov. 77, 29 Nov. 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Amsinckia tessellata (Boraginaceae) ; Marmhiam vulgare (Lamiaceae);Me/^7o^as albus (Fabaceae); aenactis sp. Haplopappus sp., Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae). Vanessa virginiensis (Drury). Rare, occurring mostly at high elevations but also occasionally in desert washes and agricultural areas. It is apparently more common in some years than in others. It flies in 2 broods from mid June to early August and mid September to early November. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (19) Cold Creek Ranger Station, 13 June 77 (2 f); PotosiMt. Rd. at Pahrump Rd., 14 June 77 (1 f); Overton, 15 June 77 (1 f);LC ballfield, 23 June 77 (1 m), 7 July 77 (1 m, NSM; 1 m); CC, 26 June 78 (1 m); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 28 June 77 (1 m); ridge above KC, 11,200', 19 July 78 (1 m, 1 f); WC, 20 July 77 (1 m), 23 Sept. 77 (1 m); CN, 15 Sept. 64 (1 m, NSM); Lovell Canyon, 6000', 25 Sept. 75 (1 f, NSM); KC Ski Run, 8 Oct. 77 (1 m), 15 Oct. 77 (1 m); GC, 25 Oct. 77 (1 f); Tule Springs, 4 Nov. 77 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: WiUow Creek, 17 June 77, 1 July 77 (s); KC Ski Run, 26 June 79, 2 July 78, 18 July 79 (s); GC, 21 July 78 (s); WC, 28 July 77, 14 Oct. 77, 26 Oct. 77 (s); Charleston Mts., 6 Aug. 61 (RES); 1.8 mi. E, Blue Diamond, 22 Oct. 77 (s). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 37 ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligustidfolia (Ranunculaceae); Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyliaceae); Lupinus sp., Medicago saliva, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Encelia farinosa, Chryso- thamnus sp., Senedo douglasii, Tetradymia canescens, Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Vanessa cardui (Linneaus). Common to abundant in nearly all habitats. Low elevation records are for every month with desert records primarily in spring and fall. High elevation records are from early April to mid November. A large northward migration from 4 to 24 March 1968 with scattered individuals still moving into mid April (similar movements were seen at this time in Sonora, Mexico, and southern California, 1968 summ.). Large numbers in April 1973 and June and July 1965 (see also Emmel and Wobus 1966) showed no migratory tendencies and probably reflected favorable reproduction. The 1973 numbers were during one of the best local spring blooms of annuals on record; 1973 was a year of enormous numbers of the butterfly in California north to the Oregon border (Shaprio 1974). Several dwarfs were obtained in June and July 1965. Smaller scale movements also occur in other years {e.g., 1978) which may go unnoticed. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (202) Records are from every month and for nearly all locations in Clark County to the top of Charleston Peak. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray (Malvaceae): Las Vegas, several records (ovip., larvae). Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. (Malvaceae): Las Vegas, several records (ovip., larvae). Cirsium neomexicanum A. Gray (Asteraceae): 2 mi. N. RC, 5 Apr. 78 (ovip., 2x, upper leaf surface, 10:10 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligustidfolia (Ranunculaceae); Tamarix pen- tandra (Tamaricaceae); Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriogonum heermannii, Eriogonum microthecum, Eriogonum sp. (Polygonaceae); Arctostaphylos pungens (Ericaceae); Menodora spinescens (Oleaceae); Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Phacelia vallis-mortae, Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyliaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Heliotropium curas- savicum, Amsinckia tessellata {Boraginaceae); Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae) Verbena gooddingii (Verbenaceae); Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae); Medicago sativa, Melilotus albus, Psorothamnus fremontii (Fabaceae); Rhus trilobata (Ana- cardiaceae); Lomatium parryi, Angelica scabrida (Apiaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Helianthus annuus, Encelia farinosa, Bebbia juncea, Psilostrophe cooperi, Baileya multiradiata, Chaenactis fremontii, Pectk papposa, Haplopappus sp., Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senedo douglasii, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Vanessa annabella (Field). Common to abundant in nearly all habitats. Lowland records are from early February to mid December and high elevation records are from early April to mid November. Desert records are for spring and fall. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (149) Specimens were seen for all months except January, August and December but there are sight records for the latter two months. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray (Malvaceae); many re- cords (larvae). Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. (Malvaceae); Las Vegas, several records (ovip., larvae). 38 J. Res. Lepid. ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Lepidium fre- montii, Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Eriogonum fasciculatum (Poly|onaceae); Abronia villosa (Nyctaginaceae); Apocynum androsaemifolium (Apocynaceae); Phacelia fremontii, Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Heliotropium curassavicum (Boraginaceae); Marrubium 'Vulgare (Lamiaceae); Ribes aureum (Saxifragaceae); Medicago saliva, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Helianthus annuus, Encelia farinosa, Bebbia juncea, Baileya multiradiata, Chaenactis fremontii, Solidago spectabilis, Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Cirsium sp., Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae). Precis coenia (Huebner). Common in agricultural areas and relatively rare away from these occurring occasionally in desert washes, at springs ind at high elevations. The flight period is from mid April to mid November. Most specimens are from agricultural areas from late August to mid November. Wild populations are irregular and suggest that the species is maintained in these areas by repeated immigrations. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (85) CC, 19 Apr. 75 (1 m, NSM), 18 May 78 (1 m), 26 June 78 (1 m); XM, 6 May 79 (1 m), 21 July 78 (1 m); WC, 22 June 78 (1 f), 13 Oct. 78 (1 m, 1 f); Cold Creek Ranger Station, 22 June 78 (1 m), 26 Oct. 77 (1 m);KC Ski Run, 24 June 79 (1 f); Cold Creek, 20 July 78 (1 m); GC, 21 Aug. 78 (1 m); Bowman’s Reservoir, 23 Aug. 77 (1 m), 29 Sept. 77 (1 m); LO, 23 Aug. 77 (1 m), 4 Sept. 77 (1 m), 17 Sept. 77 (1 m), 28 Sept. 67 (1 m, 2 f, NSM), 28 Sept. 68 (1 m, NSM), 29 Sept. 77 (1 m), 9 Oct. 77 (3 m, 3 f), 16 Oct. 77 (1 m); Clark Co., Sept. 73 (1, UNLV); OV, 4 Sept. 66 (3 m), 15 Sept. 63 (2 m, 1 f, NSM), 25 Sept. 66 (3 m), 27 Sept. 78 (1 m, NSM), 29 Sept. 66 (1 m, 1 f, NSM), 23 Oct. 77 (9 m, 4 f), 5 Nov. 77 (5 m, 6 f), 11 Nov. 77 (9 m, 2 f); 1 mi. W. MS, 30 Sept. 79 (3 m, 1 f); Hidden Valley, 9 Oct. 77 (1 m); Las Vegas, 12 Oct. 70 (1, UNLV); 1.8 mi. E. Blue Diamond, 22 Oct. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Other records for span of dates above. Additional locations are CP Rd., Pine Creek, RC area. Sawmill Canyon, RR and Tule Springs. ADULT RESOURCES: Medicago saliva (Fabaceae); Baccharis sp., Tetra- dymia axillaris, Tetradymia canescens, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Nymphalis calif arnica (Boisduval). Scattered records exist for this species above 6700' in the Spring and Sheep ranges. There is also one record for the Virgin Mts. In most years it is rare or absent but it was reported as “very abundant” in 1950 (FWP). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (6) CC, 5 June 79 (1, CSL); KC, 12 June 66 (1 m); Clark Canyon, 8000', 10 July 75 (1 f, NSM); Little Falls, 8000', 31 July 62 (2, JFL); KC, 78000', 11 Oct. 71 (1, JFL). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: WC, 22 June 78 (s); Hidden Forest, 23 June 61 (KR); Little Falls, 29 June 63 (KR); KC, 6700-7500', 30 June 50 (FWP); KC Ski Run, 2 July 78 (s); Charleston Mts., 10-12 Aug. 63 (JFE). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae). Nymphalis milberti furcillata (Say). Rare in Kyle Canyon and the Cold-Willow creeks area and usually not far from its foodplant Urtica holsericea which grows in small patches at these localities. Records extend from late April to early July, probably reflecting a single brood emerging in late June and overwintering. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (3) WC, 27 Apr. 77 (1 m; 1, CSL), 4 July 62 (1 m). 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 39 ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Little Falls, 15 May 72 (JFL); WC, 22 June 68, 22 June 78 (s); Charleston Peak, 24 June 68 (JFE, OS). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Urtica holosericea Nutt. (Urticaceae): KC, 23 May 63 (larvae, JL). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae). Nymphalis antiopa antiopa (Linnaeus). Uncommon over a wide elevational range to at least 9000'. Low elevation records are generally from the vicinity of springs or towns. The flight period extends from early February to mid November. One brood is involved with overwintering adults occurring as late as 5 July and overlapping with the next generation which has been caught as early as 14 May. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (30) Willow Spring, 23 Mar. 77 (1 m, 1 f, NSM); Lost Creek, 23 Mar. 77 (1 f, NSM), 20 Apr. 77 (1 f, NSM); Pine Creek, 23 Mar. 77(1 m, NSM), 9 Oct. 71 (1, UNLV); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 26 Apr. 77 (2 m), 5 July 78 (1 m, 1 f), 6 July 77 (1 m); 2 mi. N. RC, 4 May 78 (1 f); Clark Co., 14 May 67 (1, UNLV), 9 Sept. 74 (1, UNLV); KC, 14 May 67 (1 f), 6 June 67 (1, UNLV); LO, 17 May 78 (1 f); WC, 25 May 78(1 m), 22 June 78 (1 m), 23 June 62 (1 m), 1 July 77(1 m), 14 Oct. 77 (1 f); WC, 30 May 66 (1 f), 23 June 62 (1 m); RD Summit Rd., 2.1 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 22 June 77 (1 m);KC Campground, 24 June 79 (1 m);KC, 3340', 5 July 65 (1 m); Little Falls, 20 July 65 (1 m); Las Vegas, 18 Oct. 76 (1, UNLV); 'Pule Springs, 4 Nov. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Records for all months from 8 Feb. (70, Las Vegas, in desert area, s) to 18 Nov. (79, Las Vegas, s) mostly for locations cited above. There are also records for the Sheep, Newberry and Virgin mountains. Polygonia satyrus satyrus (Edwards). Less widespread than P. zephyrus reflecting the local distribution of its probable foodplant, Urtica holosericea. The 2 broods fly from June to August and in October. The latter brood overwinters and flies again in March and April. The overwintering brood is darker brown and more yellowish beneath than the summer brood. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (29) Lost Creek, 23 Mar. 77 (1 m, CSL); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (1 m, 1 f), 5 June 79 (1 m, 2f), 11 June 79 (1 m, 1 f), 22 June 68 (1 m), 22 June 78 (2 f), 1 July 77 (4 m), 20 July 77 (2 m, 2 f), 20 July 78 (1 m), 8 Aug. 71 (1 f), 13 Oct. 78 (1 m); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 14 June 77 (1 f); KC Campground, 24 June 79 (1 m); WC, 1 July 77 (1 m), 14 Oct. 77 (1 m), 26 Oct. 77 (2 m); Deer Creek, 21 Aug. 71 (1, UNLV). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: WC, 13 June 77, 22 June 78 (s), 29 June 63 (KR), 28 July 77 (s); Little Falls, 22 June 62, 26 June 63, 4 July 72, 5 July 62 (JFL); KC, 9500', 1 July 72 (JFL); Clark Canyon, 10 July 75 (CSL); Charleston Mts., 31 July 65 (RES); Mack’s Canyon, 28 Aug. 75 (CSL). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Pen- stamon palmeri (Scrophulariaceae); Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae); Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Salix lasiolepis (Salicaceae); Chrysothamnus sp. (Asteraceae). Polygonia zephyrus (Edwards). Locally common above 6000' to as high as 11,200'. It flies in 2 broods, the largest numbers appearing in September and October representing the overwintering population which again flies in March and April. A summer brood flies from late May to August. The latter consists of larger individuals which are more yellow- orange above and browner beneath than the fall brood. 40 J. Res. Lepid. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (65) KC, 17.1-20.0 mi. W. U.S. 95, 22 Mar. 77 (2 m), 28 June 78 (1 m), 25 Aug. 78 (1 m), 26 Sept. 77 (1 m, 2 f), 27 Sept. 78 (4 m, 3 f), 3 Oct. 77 (1 f), 12 Oct. 77 (1 m); Willow Spring, 26 Mar. 78 (1 f, CSL); Deer Creek, 31 May 77(1 m); WC, 22 June 78(1 m); Deer Creek Rd., 2.8 mi. N. KC, 24 June 79(1 m), 26 June 79 (1 f); KC Campground, 24 June 79 (1 m), 8 Oct. 77 (1 m); KC Ski Run, 26 June 79(1 m), 10 July 79 (2 m), 12 July 78 (1 m), 20 July 65 (1 m), 27 Sept. 78 (4 m), 28 Sept. 77 (4 f), 8 Oct. 77 (2 m); KC, 8000-9000', 5 July 65 (2 m, 1 f), 13 July 69 (1 m), 25 July 65 (1 f); LC, 8000-9000', 5 July 76 (1 m, 1 f, DM), 29 July 77 (1 m); Little Falls, 13 July 65 (1 f), 20 July 65 (1 m, 1 f); ridge above KC, 11,200', 15 July 79 (1 m), 19 July 78 (1 m, 3 f); Echo Canyon, 28 Sept. 77 (1 m, 2 f), 8 Oct. 77 (3 m), 23 Oct. 66 (1 m); KC, 9 Oct. 66 (3 m); RD, 15 Oct. 73 (1 f, UNLV). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: KC Ski Run, 24 June 79, 18 July 79 (s); Little Falls, 29 June 63 (KR), 8 Aug. 62 (JFL); KC, 1 July 72 (JFL), 8 Aug. 74 (JAS), 26 Sept. 65 (PJH); Deer Creek Rd., 2.8 mi. N. KC, 10 July 79 (s); Cathedral Rock, 13 July 72 (DEA); Charleston Peak Trail, 11,200', 14 July 77 (s); LC, 8 Aug. 74 (JAS), 17 Aug. 63 (JFL), 23 Sept. 75 (s); Charleston Mts., 10-12 Aug. 63 (JFE); Echo Canyon, 9 Oct. 66, 15 Oct. 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Ribes cereum Dough (Saxifragaceae): KC, 31 Aug. 67 (larvae. Shields et al. 1969); ridge above KC, 11,200', 19 July 78 (ovip., 2x, on main stem at base of branch, 12:00 PST; plant adjacent to snowbank, leaves unopened). ADULT RESOURCES: Chrysothamnus sp. (Asteraceae). Chlosyne palla vallismortis (Johnson). Not common in Kyle Canyon between 6700' and 8000'. Records are for mid May and mid June to mid July. The flight season appears to be very short in some years. I took specimens on 5 and 7 July 1977 but none were seen by me on 17 June or 15 July in the same area. Lawson did not see it on 30 June and Mullins took it on 2 July. In 1965, however, specimens were taken over a 5 week period. We tentatively assign the Spring Range population to vallismortis of the Panamint Mountains of California. The populations are similar in their large size although that of the Spring Range is slightly redder in color. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (85) Charleston Mts., 14 May 34 (10 m, 1 f, LACM); WC, 11 June 79 (1 m); KC, 6800', 13 June 65 (1 m); KC Campground, 20 June 79 (17 m), 24 June 79 (15 m, 1 f), 26 June 79 (9 m, 2 f), 5 July 77 (9 m), 7 July 77 (5 m, 1 f), 20 July 65 (1 m); 1 mi. N. KC on Deer Creek Rd., 2 July 77 (6 m, 2 f, DM); Deer Creek, 11 July 65 (1 m); KC, 7500', 15 July 74 (1 m, 2 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: KC, 6768', 30 June 50 (FWP); KC, 6770', 1 July 50 (Howe 1975); between KC and Deer Creek, 7000', 1 July 50 (FWP); KC, 8000', 5 July 65 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Viguiera multiflora (Asteraceae). Chlosyne neumoegeni neumoegeni (Skinner). Common to abundant, mostly in desert washes, to 5000'. The flight period involves a large spring brood from early March (one January and two February records) to mid May with a peak in mid April and an irregular and sometimes absent (depending on rainfall) fall brood from early September to early November. Some colonies may occasionally produce a small second spring brood (1978, Newberry Mountains). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (422) Specimens or other records are for the dates 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 41 from 3 Mar. (63, RR, s) to 7 June (78, CC, s) and 3 Sept. (61, Blue Diamond, KR) to 2 Nov. (77, 1,8 mi. E. Blue Diamond, 2 f). There are records for 21 Jan. 64, 6 Feb. 77 and 8 Feb. 70. LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Acamptopappus shockleyi Gray (Asteraceae): 0.5 mi. S. Red Spring, 27 Apr. 79 (ovip. on flower buds, 09:15 PST); 12 mi. N. 1-15 on U.S. 93, 15 May 77 (larvae on disc flowers). Macaeranthera tortifolia (Gray) Cronq. & Keck (Asteraceae); XM, 22 Apr. 79 (ovip. lower surface of lower leaves near center of plant, 10:30 PST); 0.5 mi. S. Red Spring, 21 Apr. 79 (larvae); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 3 May 78 (small larvae on disc flowers); XM, 12 May 78 (larvae mostly on disc flowers, also feeding on ray flowers after disc consumed); 12 mi, N. 1-15 on U.S. 93, 15 May 77 (larvae on disc flowers). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum fasckulatum (Polygonaceae); Menodora spinescens (Oleaceae); Cryptantha sp,,Amsinckia tessellata (Boraginaceae) ;L3/ciiim andersonii (Solanaceae); Encelia farinosa, Behhia juncea, Baileya muitiradiata, Baileya pleniradiata, Perityle emoryi, Eriophyllum wallacei, Chaeriactis fremontii, Pectis papposa, Haplopappus sp., Acamptopappus shockleyi, Dyssodia cooperi, Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii (Asteraceae). Chlosyne lacinia crocale (Edwards). Common to abundant in agricultural areas of the Las Vegas and Moapa valleys; very rare elsewhere with records for Virgin Valley, Corn Creek and Grapevine Canyon. The flight period extends from mid April to late October involving 2-4 broods depending on availability of the larval foodplant, largely Helianthus annum. The latter grows commonly along edges of fields and may be cut or burned at times depending on the particular- farmer’s practices. All three forms occur in Clark County with the form“rafescens” predominating, comprising 70% of the population and forms “crocale” and “nigrescens” with 26% and 4%, respectively. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (342) Numerous records from Moapa and Las Vegas valleys between 13 Apr. (78) and 23 Oct. (77). Records away from here are Mesquite, 13 Apr. 78 (s), 18 Sept. 72 (1 f, NSM); Bunkerville, 17 May 78 (1 m, NSM); GC, 21 Aug. 78 (1 f), 27 Sept. 77 (s); CN, 7 Oct. 77 (1 m). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae): Hidden Valley, 23 Aug. 77, 29 Sept. 77 (many larvae). Xanthium strumariumh. (Asteraceae): MF, 13 Sept. 77 (many larvae). ADULT RESOURCES: Tamarix pentandra (Tamaricaceae); Polygonum lapa- thifolium (Polygonaceae); Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae); Heliotropium curas- savicum (Boraginaceae); Medicago satiua (Fabaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Helianthus annuus, Baileya pleniradiata, Baileya muitiradiata, Baccharis sp., Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae). Chlosyne californica (Wright). Locally common in some years in the Newberry Mountains; rare elsewhere occurring as far north as Willow Creek in the Spring Range. It flies in 2 broods from mid March to early June and early September to late October, The timing and size of the second brood may depend on summer rainfall. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (167) GC, 23 Mar. 78 (2 m, NSM; 4 f), 8 Apr. 77 (1 m), 12 Apr. 78 (3 m, 1 f, NSM; 9 m, 3 f), 15 Apr. 78 (3 m, 5 f), 20 Apr. 78 (1 f, NSM; 1 m, 1 f), 3 May 78 (1 f), 5 May 77 (1 f, NSM; 2 m, 2 f), 12 May 78 (1 f), 1 June 78 (2 f, NSM), 26 Sept. 78 (1 m, 2 f, NSM; 1 m), 27 Sept. 77 (27 m, 22 f), 4 Oct 77 (4 m, 6 f), 42 J. Res. Lepid. 12 Oct. 77 (2 f), 25 Oct. 77 (1 f); MM, 12 Apr. 69 (2 m, NSM), 26 Sept. 68 (1 f, UNLV); XM, 15 Apr. 78 (1 m, 1 f), 22 Apr. 79 (10 m, 3 f), 3 May 78 (1 f), 6 May 79 (2 m, 5 f), 23 May 78 (1 m), 1 June 78 (2 m, NSM), 27 Sept. 77 (3 m, 1 f); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 15 Apr. 78 (1 f), 20 Apr. 78 (2 f, NSM), 12 May 78 (1 m), 23 May 78 (1 m); Sacatone Wash, 15 Apr. 78 (1 m, 2 f); 1 mi. W. Nipton Pass, 4 May 78 (2 m); Bridge Canyon, 12 May 78 (1 f), 26 Sept. 78 (1 m, NSM); 2 mi. N. RC, 27 May 78 (2 f); CP Rd., 1.5 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 28 May 78 (1 f); Crescent Peak, 21 Sept. 72 (3 m, 5 f, NSM); 2.8 mi. E. Nelson, 27 Sept. 77 (1 m), 25 Oct. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS; XM, 18 Mar. 72 (JFL), 12 Apr. 78, 20 Apr. 78, 5 May 77, 12 May 78, 4 Oct. 77 (s); 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 12 Apr. 78, 22 Apr. 79, 3 May 78 (s); Bridge Canyon, 3 May 78 (s); CP Rd., 0.6 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 19 May 78 (s); WC, 6 June 78 (s); Ash Spring, 30 June 69 (JFE, OS); Blue Diamond, 3 Sept. 61 (KR); 0.5 mi. E. Boulder City, 3 Oct. 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Viguiera deltoidea Gray (Asteraceae): GC, 14 Sept. 77 (larvae, skeletonizing leaves). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum fasciculatum (Polygonaceae); Amsinckia tessellata (Boraginaceae); Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Encelia farinosa, Bebbia juncea, Perityle emoryi, Eriophyllum wallacei, Chaenactis fremontii, Haplopappus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae). Phyciodes texana texana (Edwards). The only Nevada records are for Grapevine Canyon in April and Cabin Canyon in May. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (2) GC, 12 Apr. 78 (1 m), 20 Apr. 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL -RECORDS: GC, 15 Apr. 78 (s); CC, 20 May 79 (s). Phyciodes tharos (Drury) ssp. The only Nevada record is from Corn Creek. They belong to the unnamed southwestern United States-northwestern Mexico population. This taxon was called distincta by Bauer in Howe (1975). No type was, however, designated. Thus P. tharos distincta is a nomen nudum. The specimens are identical with material from Imperial Co., California. SPECIMENS EXAMINED; (2) CN, 9 Sept. 64 (2 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Phyciodes phaon (Edwards). Very rare with records from mid September to early November for the Las Vegas area. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (9) Las Vegas, Sept. 75 (1 m, ex UNLV), 16 Sept. 77 (1, UNLV), Oct. 75 (1 m, ex UNLV), 8 Oct. 77 (1 f, UNLV), 13 Oct. 76 (1 f), 13 Oct. 77 (1 m, UNLV), 15 Oct. 78 (1 f), 7 Nov. 77 (1 f, UNLV); Clark Co., 1 Oct. 76 (1 f, ex UNLV). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Phyciodes pallida barnesi Skinner. A single specimen for this taxon exists for Clark County. Populations are known for adjacent Lincoln Co., Nevada, (GT A) and Washington Co., Utah (Tidwell and CaUaghan 1972). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) CN, 15 July 64 (1 m, NSM). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Phyciodes mylitta mylitta (Edwards), 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 43 A single specimen from Kyle Canyon referrable to the nominate race was examined. Another record from the same area is the only other one known from the county. These may represent a small breeding colony as its known foodplant, Cirsium, is quite common here. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) Charleston Park, 30 June 77 (1 f, CSL). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Charleston Park, 29 June 63 (KR). Thessalia leanira alma (Strecker). Uncommon locally at middle elevations between 3400' and 6100' especially in the southern portion of the Spring Range in the Cottonwood Pass area. Records extend from mid April to mid May and a fresh individual seen on 13 June. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (184) Blue Diamond, 12 Apr. 69 (1 m, NSM); CP Rd., 0.6-1. 8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 16 Apr. 77 (3 m, 2 f), 16 Apr. 79 (1 m), 20 Apr. 77 (4 m), 22 Apr. 78 (6 m), 29 Apr. 78 (1 m), 29 Apr. 79 (26 m, 13 f), 2 May 77 (2 m), 2 May 78 (7 m, 2 f), 3 May 78 (3 m, 1 f, NSM), 6 May 78 (1 m, NSM), 1 1 May 78 (4 m, 2 f), 13 May 79 (4 m), 19 May 78 (3 m); 3 mi. W. Blue Diamond, 20 Apr, 77 (2 m, 5 f); 0.5 mi. S. Red Spring, 21 Apr. 79 (17 m, 2 f), 29 Apr. 79 (30 m, 4 f), 2 mi. E. MS, 24 Apr. 77 (1 m, 1 f); WC, 27 Apr. 77 (1 m, NSM), 29 Apr. 77 (1 m, NSM); CC, 27 Apr. 78 (1 m), 10 May 78 (1 m); Pine Creek, 2 May 77 (1 m); KC, 6.6 mi. W. U.S. 95, 2 May 77 (1 f), 2 May 78 (4 m), 1 1 May 78 (3 m); 1 mi. W. WC, 8 May 78 (1 m), 25 May 78 (2 m); KC, 9.3 mi. W. U.S. 95, 13 May 78 (1 m); 0.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (12 m), 19 May 78 (3 m); 1.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (1 m); RC, 27 May 78 (2 m); Wilson Pass, ex larva emerged 21 Apr. 78 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: White Rock Spring, 2 May 78 (s); RC, 4 May 78, 27 May 78 (s); 2 mi. N. RC, 4 May 78, 27 May 78 (s), WC, 13 June 77 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Castilleja chromosa A. Nels. (Scrophulariaceae): RD Canyon, 25-27 Mar. 75 (larvae, JB); Willow Spring, 29 Mar. 78 (larvae feeding on flowers and leaves); Wilson Pass, 29 Mar. 78 (larvae feeding on flowers). ADULT RESOURCES: Menodora spinescens (Oleaceae); Baileya multiradiata, Eriophyllum wallacei, Chaenactis fremontii, Acamptopappus shockleyi, Senecio douglasii, Senecio multilohatus (Asteraceae). Poladryas minuta arachne (Edwards). Common very locally on the west slope of the Spring Range at elevations of 4500' to 6000'. The flight periods of the 2 broods are late April to late June and early September to mid October. Southern Nevada material with its two-toned orange ground color is clearly within the concept of P. m. arachne, especially like northern Arizona populations. In comparison with a series from Flagstaff, Coconino Co., Arizona, southern Nevada material differs in having slightly less black on the basal half of both wings above and below, the ground color of the primaries below is more even (less two-toned) and the light areas of the secondaries below are less creamy. In fact, these light areas are the whitest of all populations of minuta examined except those of southern Arizona, P. m. gilensis (Holland), to which southern Nevada specimens are comparable in this aspect. The use of the specific name minuta is based on the studies of Scott (1974). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (51) CP Rd., 0.6-1.8 mi. S. Pahrump Rd., 29 Apr. 78 (1 m), 2 May 78 (3 m), 3 May 78 (3 m, NSM), 1 1 May 78 (2 m), 13 May 79 (1 m), 28 May 78 (1 m); 0.5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (12 m), 19 May 78 (3 m); CC, 20 May 78 (1 f); 5 June 79 (1 f, CSL); Trout Canyon Ranch, 14 June 77 (6 m), 18 Sept. 77 (Im); 44 J. Res. Lepid. 6.1 mi. N. Spring Mountain Youth Camp,rd. to Trout Canyon, 14 June 77 (1 m);RD Summit Rd., 1.5 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 22 June 77 (1 f); MS, 6 Sept. 69 (2 f, NSM); 1 mi. W. MS, 28 Sept. 78 (1 m), 1 Oct. 77 (9 m, 1 f), 11 Oct. 77 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 1 mi. W. WC, 8 May 78 (s); 1:5 mi. E. MS, 13 May 79 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Viguiera multiflora, Erigeron sp. (Asteraceae). Euphydryas chalcedona kingstonensis Emmel & Emmel. One desert population of this species is known in the Newberry Mountains. It flies in a large spring brood from mid March to early June and a small brood depending on summer rains in September. Specimens are within the range of variation of southern California populations. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (269) GC, 8 Apr. 77 (1 f, CSL; 1 m, 1 f), 12 Apr. 78 (lm,NSM), 15 Apr. 78 (2 m), 20 Apr. 78 (5 m, NSM; 12 m, 1 f), 3 May 78 (21 m, 2 f), 12 May 78 (10 m, 5 f), 23 May 78 (1 m), 1 June 78 (1 m, 1 f, NSM), 14 Sept. 77 (3 m, 5 f); XM, 12 Apr. 78 (6 m, NSM; 13 m), 15 Apr. 78 (4 m, 1 f), 20 Apr. 78 (12 m, 3 f), 22 Apr. 79 (35 m, 2 f), 3 May 78 (13 m, 3 f), 5 May 77 (1 m, CSL), 6 May 79 (49 m, 26 f), 12 May 78 (11 m, 13 f), 23 May 78 (4 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: XM, 18 Mar. 72 (JFL), 1 June 78, 19 Aug. 79 (s); GC, 23 Mar. 78 (CSL, s), 27 Sept. 77 (s); Sacatone Wash, 15 Apr. 78 (s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Keckiella antirrhinoides Benth. ssp. microphyllus (Gray) Keck (Scrophulariaceae): XM, 12 Apr. 78 (last instar larvae feeding on leaves). ADULT RESOURCES: Eriogonum fasciculatum (Polygonaceae); Amsonia tomentosa (Apocynaceae); Phacelia fremontii, Phacelia uallis-mortae, (Hydrophyl- laceae); Amsinckia tessellata (Boraginaceae); Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae); Baileya multiradiata, Senecio douglasii (Asteraceae). Euphydryas anicia morandi Gunder. This distinctive taxon is locally common in the Spring Range especially in the meadows on the ridge to Charleston Peak and above the ski area in Lee Canyon. Most records are for above 10,000' although it is occasionally taken as low as 6800'. The flight period of the single brood is usually from late June to mid July; a number of early (1940 and before) collections, however, were made in early May to early June. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (168) Charleston Mts., 7 May 29 (1 f, LACM), 13 May 34 (1 m, LACM), 14 May 34 (17 m, 1 f, LACM), 19 May 34 (2 m, LACM); Mt. Charleston, 1 June 33 (4 m, LACM); KC Campground, 30 June 77 (1 m, CSL); LC above ski area, 2 July 77 (6 m, 1 f, DM), 5 July 76 (6 m, 6 f, NSM), 6 July 66 (8 m, 7 f, DM); Charleston Peak trail above KC, 10, 400--1 1,300', 14 July 77 (27 m, 5 f), 15 July 79 (43 m, 14 f), 19 July 78 (10 m, 8 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Mt. Charleston, 7 May 29 (DE), 10 May 36 (DE), 10 May 40 (DE), 26 June 36 (DE); trail to Charleston Peak, 10,800-11,500', (TCE, OS); Mt. Charleston, 10,500-11,360', (JFL); KC, 10,500-11,000', 10-16 July 28 (type series, Gunder 1928). ADULT RESOURCES! Erysimum asperum (Brassicaceae); Taraxacum of- ficinale (Asteraceae). Euphydryas anicia (Doubleday) ssp. A population which does not seem to fit any described subspecies of anicia flies in 19(1): 1^63, 1980(81) 45 the Virgin Mountains between 4000' and 5000' in April and May. Its relationships appear towards Rocky Mountain populations. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (17) CC, 8 Apr. 79 (1 m, 1 f), 13 Apr. 74 (1 m, NSM), 14 Apr. 77 (2 m, 1 f, CSL), 27 Apr. 78 (2 m), 10 May 78 (1 m), 18 May 78 (1 m), 20 May 78 (1 m), 20 May 79 (6 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. Speyeria zerene carolae (dos Passes & Grey). This endemic is locally common on the east slope of the Spring Range from 6700' to 10,800', but mostly below 7500' in Kyle Canyon. There is but one west slope record for the low elevation of 5000' in Lovell Wash. The flight period for the single brood is from mid June to early September with a peak in mid to late July. Very late records are in late September and mid October. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (179) Numerous records with the earliest date on 17 June (66, LC and Deer Creek, s). Latest record is 1 1 Oct. (77, KC Campground, s). The only record away from the east slope is Lovell Wash, 5000', 17 June 62 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Erysimum aspermn (Brassicaceae); Apocynum andro- saemifolium (Apocynaceae); Rosa woodsii (Rosaceae); Lupinus sp. (Fabaceae); Angelica scabrida (Apiaceae); Chaenactis sp., Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Euptoieta claudia (Cramer). Very rare with four known records for the county. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (3) Ash Springs, 3800', 19 Mar. 72 (1, JFL); CN, 22 June 68 (2, JFL). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Sawmill Canyon, 1 July 69 (1969 summ.); 1 mi. N. CP, 23 Aug. 75 (JB). Family Heliconiidae Agraulis vanillae incarnata (Riley). The only state records are a stray caught in the authors’ yard in Las Vegas and two sight records. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) Las Vegas, 19 June 68 (1 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: 0.5 mi. N. Red Spring, 29 Apr. 79 (s); XM, 6 May 79 (s). Family Danaidae Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus). Not uncommon especially in mesic canyons, near springs and, after July, at the higher elevations. Records are for every month except January but it is most abundant from mid June to mid November. There are many Las Vegas records from August to November and a few desert records in early spring and fall. High elevation records are from early July to mid November. A concentration of about 40 individuals was at Tule Springs on 6 Sept. 75 and over 200 were seen in Pine Creek on 5 Oct. 77. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (124) Records from numerous locations through- out the county between 6 Feb. (77, 1.5 mi. S. Davis Dam, s) to 25 Dec. (65, CN, s). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Stanleya pin- nata (Brassicaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angusti- folium (Hydrophyllaceae); Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae); Cowania mexicana (Rosaceae); Medicago satiua, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Angelica scabrida (Apiaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Helianthus annuus, Solidago spectabilis, Chryso- thamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). 46 J. Res. Lepid. Danaus gilippus strigosus (Bates). Locally common in certain low canyons (Pine Creek, Grapevine Canyon) but found in most areas of the county to at least 8500'. There are records for every month except March but most records are from mid June to early November. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (229) Numerous records through most of the year from many locations; desert records are few. High elevation records are from 25 May (78, WC, s) to 22 Aug. (77, KC Ski Run, s). LARVAL FOODPLANTS: Sarcostemma hirtellum (Gray) R. Holm (Asclepia- daceae): GC, 20 Apr. 78 (ovip. on stems, 13:30 PST), 3 Aug. 77 (mature larva), 27 Sept. 77 (ovip. single eggs on stems between leaf bases, 10:40 PST, 11:00 PST). Asclepias subulata Dene, in A. DC. (Asclepiadaceae): 9 mi. W. Davis Dam, 3 May 78 (ovip. beneath flower heads, 10:00 PST). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Tamarix pen- tandra (Tamaricaceae); Eriogonum fasciculatum (Polygonaceae); Apocynam andro- saemifolium (Apocynaceae); Sarcostemma hirtellum (Asclepiadaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Acacia greggii, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Viguiera deltoidea, Helianthus annuus, Bebbia juncea, Solidago spectabilis, Chrysothamnus sp., Baccharis sp., Senecio douglasii, Tetradymia canescens, Pluchea sericea, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Family Satyridae Cyllopsis pertepida dorothea (Nabokov). The population in the Virgin Mountains is the only known colony for the state except for one in Meadow Valley Wash in Lincoln Co. (1968 summ.). It flies in 2 broods from late May to late June and in September and October. The taxonomy follows Miller (1974). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (23) CC, 29 May 78 (3 m), 7 June 78 (2 f, NSM; 2 m), 8 June 78 (1 m, 1 f), 26 June 78 (5 m, 4 f), 12 Sept. 74 (2 m, NSM), 20 Sept. 72 (1 f, NSM), 11 Oct. 78 (2 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. ADULT RESOURCES: Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); occasional- ly visit water. Coenonympha California California Westwood. A single specimen from the Spring Range is the only southern Nevada record. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (1) WC, 22 June 78 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: None. ADULT RESOURCES: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Brassicaceae). Coenonympha ochracea brenda Edwards. Uncommon in the Spring Range above 6500' but mostly above 7500' in open areas. The single brood usually flies from mid June to early August although there are May records. Spring Range material along with certain other Nevada material (White Pine, Nye, Lander counties) fall within the concept of Utah brenda although there are minor differences in pattern (see also Brown 1964). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (48) Charleston Mts., 12 May 34 (7 m, 5 f, LACM); KC, 8000', 12 June 66 (1 m), 5 *July 65 (4 m, 2 f); above Cathedral Rock Campground, 17 June 77 (3 m, 1 f); KC Campground, 22 June 78 (1 m); KC Ski Run, 24 June 79 (1 f), 5 July 77 (1 m); KC, 7680', 27 June 65 (1 m); Clark Canyon, 2 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 47 July 75 (1 m, NSM); Deer Creek, 11 July 65 (2 m); Little Falls, 13 July 65 (1 m, 1 f); Charleston Peak trail, 10,900-11,300', 14 July 77 (1 m, 1 f), 15 July 79 (1 m), 19 July 78 (4 m, 3 f); KC, 9000', 25 July 65 (1 m), 26 July 64 (1 m), 27 July 66 (1 m, 2 f); LC, 8700', 26 July 65 (1 m). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: Charleston Mts., 14 May 34 (CDF), 6 Aug. 61 (RES); KC, 7100', 11 June 65, 17 June 66 (s); LC, 17 June 66 (s); KC Campground, 21 June 66, 13 July 65 (s); KC, 7600', 22 June 63, 26 June 63, 29 June 63, 5 July 62 (JFL); KC Ski Run, 22 June 78 (s); KC, 10,000-10,500', 24 June 68 (JFE, OS); KC, 20 mi. W. U.S. 95, 28 June 77, 6 July 77 (s); Little Falls, 29 June 63 (KR), 4 July 72 (JFL); KC, 10,500-11,200', 1 July 72 (JFL); Deer Creek Rd., 7000', 1 July 50 (FWP); Charleston Peak trail, 9000', 14 July 77 (s). ADULT RESOURCES: Lupinus sp. (Fabaceae); Senecio multilobatus (Asteraceae). Cercyonis sthenele (Boisduval) ssp. Locally common mostly above 5000' but occasionally as low as 3300' on sagebrush flats or in chaparral vegetation. The single brood flies from mid June through late August. All Nevada material was referred to previously by Emmel (1969) as C. s. paulus (Edwards). Clark County material and that of adjacent areas do not have the extensive white overscaling beneath as is typical of paulus and resemble certain material from the desert mountains of southern California. These populations most closely resemble the Rocky Mountain C. s. masoni Cross but probably are distinct and deserve to be named. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: (60) KC, 15 mi. W. U.S. 95, 20 June 79 (1 m); WC, 22 June 78 (1 f), 20 July 77 (1 m, 3 28 July 77 (1 m, 1 f); WC, 1 July 77 (2 m), 4 July 62 (1 m, 1 f), 20 July 78 (1 m, 2 f), 28 July 77 (2 m, 8 f); KC, 3340', 5 July 65 (3 m); KC, 5680', 5 July 65 (1 m), 18 July 65 (5 m); Lovell Wash, 6100', 14 July 62 (2 m, 1 f); KC Campground, 15 July 77 (5 m), 25 July 77 (3 m); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 15 July 77 (2 m, 2 f); Lovell Wash, 18 July 62 (1 f); Cold Creek Ranger Station, 20 July 77 (2 m, 1 f); RD Summit Rd., 1. 5-2.1 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 27 July 77 (3 m, 4 f). ADDITIONAL RECORDS: KC Campground, 20 June 79, 25 July 65, 1 Aug. 77 (s); RD Summit Rd., 1.5 mi. E. Lovell Wash, 22 June 77 (s); CC, 26 June 78, (s);KC, 14.5 mi. W. U.S. 95, 28 June 77, 27 July 77 (s); KC Ranger Station, 29 June 63 (KR); WC, 29 June 63 (KR); KC, 6770', 30 June 50 (FWP); MS, 30 June 63 (KR), 30 June 69 (JFE, OS); Deer Creek Rd., 1 July 50 (FWP); mouth Sawmill Canyon, 1 July 69 (JFE, OS); Mt. Charleston, 9 July 74 (CDF); LC, 9 July 74 (CDF); Lovell Wash, 10 July 75 (CSL); KC, 17.1 mi. W. U.S. 95, 1 1 July 77 (s); WC, 20 July 78, 5 Aug. 77 (s); KC, 6800', 18 July 65 (s); KC, 14 mi. W. U.S. 95, 25 July 65 (s); Charleston Mts., 31 July 65 (JL, RES); KC, 7400', 12 Aug. 63, 18 Aug. 63 (JFL); lower KC, 24 Aug. 75 (JB). ADULT RESOURCES: Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae); Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae); Tetradymia canescens, Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae). Dubious Records At least five species have been attributed to the Clark County butterfly fauna based on misidentifications or poor knowledge of their distribution. Amblyscirtes eos (Edwards). The record for this species (1972 summ.) refers to Pholisora alpheus {fide JFL). This species should be deleted from the state list. 48 J. Res. Lepid. Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval). Herlan reported to us that a pair of this species was taken in the Overton area on 29 Sept. 66 and one of these was indicated in the Nevada State Museum catalogue. This specimen was located and proved to be a male Polites sabuleti. Ochlodes sylvanoides is thus apparently unknown in Clark County although it is common farther north in the state. Ochlodes agricola (Boisduval). Herlan reported to us that three males were taken at Warm Springs (Moapa Valley) on 27 Oct. 65 and these were listed in the Nevada State Museum catalogue. These specimens could not be located in the museum. We thus consider this species to be of hypothetical occurrence in Clark County. Hesperia uncas lasus (Edwards). This species was reported by Herlan (1972 summ.) for Crescent Peak in the McCullough Range. A search of the collection at the Nevada State Museum failed to produce a specimen. No specimens are listed in their catalogue from Clark County. The species must thus be considered of hypothetical occurrence in Clark County. Polites sonora sonora (Scudder). The taxon is included as hypothetical based on the range “to southern Nevada” by Howe (1975). We know of no southern Nevada records although the species is regular in northern Nevada. Faunal Composition Clark County’s butterfly fauna totals 125 taxa of 118 species. Of these, one species appears to have become locally extinct (L. dorcas), if it ever occurred, and at least 15 are considered non-breeding strays (A. python, H. domicilla, C. asychis, T. pylades, P. leo, C. philodice, P. sennae, E. mexicana, L. bachmanii, P. texana, P. tharos, P. pallida, E. claudia, A. vanillae and C. California). We doubt that more than 10 to 15 species will be added to the county list in future years. It is unlikely that many new resident species will be found although such species as Erynnis afranius (Lintner) and Hypaurotis crysalus (Edwards) are possibilities in the Virgin Moun- tains. The 125 taxa belong to 11 families with Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae and Hesperi- idae being the most important comprising over 70% of the total fauna (Table 1). Similar species composition occurs in other areas of western North America {e.g.. Brown et at 1957, Emmel and Emmel 1963, Opler and Langston 1968, Tidwell and Callaghan 1972). To further consider the distribution of butterflies in Clark County, four major habitat groupings were delineated. Desert scrub occurs at low elevations generally below 4000-5000' and includes high water table associations of mesquite. Riparian and agricultural habitat includes vegetation which requires a nearly constant water supply whether it be natural along streams or artificial as urban or cultivated areas. Middle elevations include areas above the desert scrub to approximately 7000' and roughly delimited by the Pinon-Juniper woodland. Montane habitat is all areas above 7000'. For the present section, all species which commonly occur in the particular habitat are included. In subsequent sections, only those species which have their distributional center of abundance in a particular habitat will be considered. Species which commonly range over more than one habitat are termed widespread. 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 49 Family composition in the different habitats shows a varied pattern (Table 1). The desert scrub habitat is dominated by Pierids and Lycaenids, riparian/agricultural by Hesperiids and Nymphalids, middle elevations (which contains the most total species) by Hesperiids and Lycaenids and montane habitat by Hesperiids, Lycaenids and Nymphaiids. Of the minor families, Papilionids and Satyrids are most important at the higher elevations and Riodinids at lower elevations. Similar habitat differences were noted by Emmel and Emmel (1963). Biogeographical Analysis The location of Clark County in the northern Mojave Desert and in close proximity to the Great Basin and Sonoran deserts make a biogeographical analysis of the biota of interest. Each species was assigned to an element based on the geographical range of the taxon (Table 2). The butterfly fauna of Clark County exhibits complex biogeographical relationships (Table 3). Forty -four percent of the species have distributions mainly in the North American deserts. About one-half are largely restricted to the Mojave Desert and one-quarter of the others are widespread desert region species. The remaining species of these have distributions in either the Great Basin or Sonoran deserts. Almost 41% of the county’s species are widespread in distribution throughout North America, in western United States or in tropical regions. Species with a widespread ecological distribution in the county are mostly of relatively wide distribution in the west as a whole or in desert regions. Desert scrub species are largely of Mojave Desert distribution. Mojave Desert and Rocky Mountain elements dominate at middle elevations. Principally montane species belong to the western North America and endemic elements. Phenology and Voltinism Seasonality and voltinism of the Clark County butterfly fauna were examined on the basis of number of locality-date records for each 10 day period of each month (Table 4) and by evaluating wear of specimens. It must be recognized throughout that annual climatic differences tend to lengthen the apparent flight season and to smooth out peaks and valleys of abundance. For the county as a whole, butterflies have been recorded in every month of the year. Species number and abundance are greatest from May through July although considerable numbers of species are present in all months from April to October (Table 4). Approximately equal numbers of species are present in each month from March to October at low elevations. The number of records, however, is greatest in April and September-October indicating the peak flight period. The spring peak is mainly in desert scrub habitats; the peak in fall is of species associated with desert scrub and cultivated habitats. The flight season at high elevations extends from late April to October with a peak in June and July. The Mojave Desert biogeographic element has a strong peak in April and a minor peak in September. The fall peak may be controlled largely by the occurrence of summer rainfall. Undoubtedly, the availability of adult and larval food resources restricts the flight season and number of broods of these, mostly desert scrub inhabiting, species. Certain species of this group occur in more riparian habitats and fly throughout the summer or occur at higher elevations and are summer univoltines. The southwest desert element shows peaks in summer and fall. This group contains species which are widespread in the county or occur largely in riparian and 50 «/. Res. LepM. agricultural habitats and have long flight seasons. The phenology of the widespread element is similar to that of the southwest desert element but becomes common somewhat earlier in the year. This group contains species found in desert scrub in spring and in cultivated areas in summer and fall. The western North America and toopical elements also show a similar seasonal pattern. They are both composed of a number of common, widespread species in the county. The endemic element has a single peak in summer as expected of species inhabiting montane habitat. The Great Basin element is most common in spring reflective of its composition of several spring, univoltines The Rocky Mountain element has a spring and summer peak. Too few records are available for the other elements to draw conclusions on them. Sufficient records exist for 99 species to reach some conclusons on their voltinism (Table 2). Thirty-nine species appear to be univoltine within the county (Table 5). Twenty-eight of these occur at middle to high elevations. At middle elevations most univoltines are vernal with S. behrii, L. weidemeyerii and C. sthenek as summer univoltines and A. alliae and E. b. ellm as fall univoltines. Montane univoltines fly in summer except for the spring flying E. brizo. Eight additional univoltines occur largely m desert scrub. Seven of these are vernal and only E. e. dammersi is autumnal. There are only two (both autumnal) univoltines in riparian and agricul- tural habitats. The only widespread univoltine is N. antiopa. Twenty species appear as bivoltines (Table 5). These include four montane species {H. comma, H. juba, P. satyrus, P. zephyrus) mth summer and fall broods. At middle elevations, there are six bivoltines. Four {P. indra, C. spinetorum, C. siva, P. wdnuta) have spring and summer broods, one (C. shendanii) has spring and fall broods and one (C. pertepida) has summer and faH'broods. Five desert scrub species are bivoltine. One (M. leda) occurs in mesquite stands and has summer and fall broods. The remaining four (P. rudkini, C. neumoegeni, C. California, E. chalcedona) have regular spring broods and irregular fall broods, apparently dependent upon summer rains. These species may be univoltine m some years. Papilio rudkini has occasional emergences during mid summer in some years and C. neumoegeni is known to have had two successive spring broods. The four bivoltines (0. yuma, A. campestis, C. nemesis, L. archippus) of riparian and agricultural habitats and the one widespread bivoltine (VI virginkmis) have summer and fall broods. Forty Clark County species are considered multivoltine or have continuous emergences throughout their flight season (Table 5). The number and timing of broods of some may vaiy from year to year and with elevation. Certain species included here such as A. rnormo may be single brooded in some colonies but have an overall pattern which mdicatee several broods. Such patterns need further study and may be related to the seasonal availability of suitable foodplante. Nearly 40% of the Clark County butterfly fauna- is univoltine. TMs frequency of univoltines is intermediate to that reported for several Califomia butterfly faunae (Shapiro 1975). Analysis of voltinism by habitat (Table 5) presents difficulties due to the presence of widespread species which either stray to high elevations or have different breeding strategies under different ecological conditions. For these reasons, species were separated by principal habitat preference. The overall pattern is an increase m univoltinism with increasmg elevation (Table 5) ae noted in jother studies (Shapiro 1974, 1975). Univoltinism is primarily vernal at low (70%) 19(1): 1^63, 1980(81) 51 and middle (62%) ele¥ations and a summer phenomenon (93%) at high elevations. Vernal univoltinism is the usual situation in long summer faunas (Shapiro 197 5) and the northern Mojave Desert pattern contrasts sharply with the exception found for a Sonoran Desert butterfly fauna (Austin 1978). The difference between the two desert faunas can be accounted for by the lack of a regular summer rainy season in the Mojave Desert. Multivoliinism in low desert butteiflies is largely limited to species with desert iiparian affinities where foodplants remain green through the summer. Of the important biogeograpMcal entities in Clark County, the Mojave Desert element has the greatest number of univoltines fTable 6). Species which fly in spring and/or fall (spring and fall univoltines, spring-fall bivoltines) comprise 68% of the species in this elemnnt. Thus the p-oup as a whole exhibits adaptation to the generally favorable springs, often favorable falls and usually unfavorable remainder of the year that is typical of the Mojave Desert. The Great Basin and Rocky Mountain elements are also represented by a large proportion of (mainly spring) univoltines (Table 6). The southwest desert and widespread elements are largely multivoltine (Table 6). Most of these species are either widespread m the county or occur m riparian and Phenology, voltinisni and abundance aie highly variable especially in the lower desert. These variations, as mentioned above, are ultimately due to various climatic factors, particularly rainfall and proximateiy to the resultant condition of the vegetation. Warm temperatures in late winter promote early emergence of a number of species. Later in spring, this early flight may be interrupted or terminated Acknowledgements: Numerous people were of great help to us during the course of this study. We first thank all of those (listed in the introduction) w-ho have sent records and/or allowed us to examine and/or borrow specimens in their care. The completeness of coverage herein could not have been attained without their help. In addition, we would like to extend special thanks to those who have also helped in other ways. First of all, Scott Miller and Gloria Harjes made the complete collection of butterflies at the Nevada State Museum in Carson City available to us for study and extended various othei courtesies to the senior author while he was in Caison City. Difficult groups were examined by various people who gave their opinion as to the taxonomy of Clark County specimens. We are grateful for their help. Final taxonomic decisions were made by the senior author and any errors in such must thus be his. Those who helped in this regard include: D. Bauer (various groups), J. Burns {Erynnis), J. F. Emmel (various groups), B. McGuire (Hesperia), J. Masters (Enpkydiyas), R. Mattoni (Euphilotes), D. Mullins (Euphydryas, Poladryas), K. Roever (various groups), O. Shields (Euphilotes), and R. Stanford (various sliippers). W. E. Niles and A. Pinzl made most of the plant determinations. Anna Stanley typed the final two drafts of the ms and without her patience this may have never been typed. A final thanks is due to Chuck Lawson for his interest in Nevada butterflies and his companionship in the field. 52 J. Res. Lepid. Literature Cited AUSTIN, G. T. 1978. Phenology and diversity of a butterfly population is southern Arizona. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 32: 207-220. 1980. A new Plebejus {Icaricia) shasta (Edwards) from southern Nevada (Lycaenidae). Jour. Lepid. Soc. 34: 20-24. BEATLEY, J. C. 1976. Vascular plants of the Nevada Test Site and central-southern Nevada; ecological and geographical distributions. Natl. Tech. Info. Center, Spring- field, VA. BRADLEY, W. G. 1967. A geographical analysis of the.flora of Clark County, Nevada. Jour. Arizona Acad. Sci. 4: 151-162. BRADLEY, W. G. and J. E. DEACON. 1965. The biotic communities of southern Nevada. Nevada State Mus. Anthro. Papers, no. 13, pt. 4: 201-295. BROWN, F. M., D. EFF, and B. ROTGER. 1957. Colorado butterflies. Denver Mus. Natur. Hist., Denver, CO. BROWN, F. M. 1964. The types of satyrid butterflies described by William Henry Edwards. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 90: 323-413. CALLAGHAN, C. J. 1970. Notes on Callophrys {Callophrys) comstocki Henne in Nevada. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 24: 228. CLENCH, H. K. 1976. Nathalis iole (Pieridae) in the southern United States and the Bahamas. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 30: 121-126. CLOKEY, I. W. 1951. Flora of the Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Botany 24: 1-274. dos PASSOS, C. F. 1964. A synonymic list of the Nearctic Rhopalocera. Lepid. Soc. Mem., no. 1. EMMEL, T. C. 1969. Taxonomy, distribution and biology of the genus Cercyonis (Satyri- dae). 1. Characteristics of the genus. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 23; 165-175. EMMEL, T. C. and J. F. EMMEL. 1963. Composition and relative abundance in a Temperate Zone butterfly fauna. Jour. Res. Lepid. 1: 97-108. 1973. The butterflies of southern California. Nat. Hist. Mus., Los Angeles, Sci. Series 26. 1974. The biology oiPapilio indraneuadensis (Papilionidae) in Nevada. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 28: 107-114. EMMEL, T. C. and R. A. WOBUS. 1966. A southward migration of Vanessa cardui in late summer and fall, 1965. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 20: 123-124. FERRIS, C. D. 1977. Taxonomic revision of the species dorcas Kirby and helloides Boisduval in the genus Epidemia Scudder (Lycaenidap: Lycaeninae). Bull. AllynMus., no. 45. FIELD, W. D., C. F. dos PASSOS and J. H. MASTERS. 1974. A bibliography of the catalogs, lists, faunal and other papers on the butterflies of North America north of Mexico arranged by state and province (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 157. GOODPASTURE, C. 1973. A new subspecies of Plebejus acmon. Pan-Pacific Ent. 49: 149-159. HARJES, G. J. 1980. Checklist of the butterflies of Nevada. Nevada State Museum, Carson City. HASKIN, J. R. 1914. Butterfly collecting in Mojave County, Arizona (Lep.). Ent. News 25: 300-308. HERLAN, P. J. 1962. A list of butterflies of the Carson Range, Nevada. Nevada State Mus., Dept. Nat. Hist., pubi. no. 1. 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 53 HOWE, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America. Doubleday, Garden City, NY KLOTS, A. B. 1951. A field guide to the butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA. MacNEILL, C. D. 1964. The skippers of the genus Hesperia in western North America with special reference to California (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Univ, Calif. Publ. Ent., no. 35. . 1970. A new Pholisora with notes on P. alpheus (Edw.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Ent. News 81: 177-184. MATTONI, R. H. T. 1977. The Scoiitantidini I: Two new genera and a generic rearrange- ment (Lycaenidae). Jour. Res. Lepid. 16: 223-242. MILLER, L. D. 1974. Revision of the Euptychiini (Satyridae). 2. Cyllopsis R. Felder. Bull. Allyn Mus., no. 20. MUNZ, P. A. and D. D. KECK. 1963. A California flora. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. OPLER, P. A. and R. L. LANGSTON. 1968. A distributional analysis of the butterflies of Contra Costa County, California. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 22: 89-107. SCOTT, J. A. 1974. Adult behavior and population biology of Poladryas minuta, and the relationship of the Texas and Colorado populations (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pan-Pacific Ent. 50: 9-22. 1975. Pyrgus xanthus (Hesperiidae): systematics, foodplants and behavior. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 29: 213-220. 1974. Natural and laboratory occurrence of “elymi” phenotypes in Cynthia cardui (Nymphalidae). Jour. Res. Lepid. 13: 57-62. SHAPIRO, A. M. 1974. Butterflies of the Suisun Marsh, California. Jour. Res. Lepid. 13: 191-206. 1975. The temporal component of butterfly species diversity. Pp. 181-195 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond (eds.) Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA. SHIELDS, 0. 1965. Caliophrys (Mitoura) spinetorum and C. (M.) johnsonii: their known range, habits, variation and history. Jour. Res. Lepid. 4: 233-250. 1974. Studies of North American Philotes (Lycaenidae). III. Generic reassignments and the biology of speciosa. Bull. Allyn Mus., no. 19. 1975. Studies of North American Philotes (Lycaenidae). IV. Taxonomic and biological notes, and new subspecies. Bull. Allyn Mus., no. 28. 1977. Studies on North American Philotes (Lycaenidae). V. Taxonomic and biological notes, continued. Jour. Res. Lepid. 16: 1-67. SHIELDS, 0., J. F. EMMEL, and D. E. BREEDLOVE. 1969. Butterfly larval foodplant records and a procedure for reporting foodplants. Jour. Res. Lepid. 8: 21-36. TIDWELL, K. B. and C. J. CALLAGHAN. 1972. A checklist of Utah butterflies and skippers. Mid-Continent Lepid. Series 4, no. 51. TYLER, H. A. 1975. The swallowtail butterflies. Naturegraph, Healdsburg, CA. 54 «/. Res. Lepid. TABLE 1. Composition of the Clark County, Nevada, butterfly fauna by families. County {%) Desert Scrub (%) Riparian/ Agriculture (%) Middle Elevations (%) Montane (%) Megathymidae 1.6 2.4 0.0 3.1 0.0 Hesperiidae 22:2 11.9 26.8 21,9 22.7 Papilionidae 4.8 2.4 2.4 4.7 4.5 Pieridae 12.7 26.2 17.1 15.6 13.6 Riodinidae 3.2 4.8 4.9 1.6 0.0 Lycaenidae 24.6 31.0 17.1 26.6 22.7 Libytheidae 0.8 2.4 2.4 1.6 0.0 Nymphalidae 24.6 16.7 22.0 18.8 31.8 Heliconiidae 0.8 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 Danaidae 1,6 2.4 4.9 3.1 2.3 Satyridae 3.2 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.3 Total Species 126 42 41 64 44 TABLE 2. Biogeographic Clark County, affinities, voltinism and habitat Nevada, butterflies. data for Taxon Biogeographical Affinity ^ Voltinism^ Primary, Habitaf^ Agathymus alliae ssp. MD U (F) ME Megathymus yuccae navajo MD U (S) DS Lerodea eufala WS M RA Atrytonopsis python SWD - - Ochlodes yuma MD B (SU,F) RA Atalopedes campestris WS B (SU,F) RA Polites sabuleti ssp. WNA M RA Polites draco RM _ _ Hesperia comma harpalus GB B (SU,F) M Hesperia nevada SN ■ - M Hesperia pahaska martini MD - - Hesperia juba WNA B {SU,F) M Hylephila phyleus WS M RA Copaeodes aurantiaca WNA M RA Pholisora libya libya MD M RA Pholisora gracielae MD M RA Pholisora alpheus oricus GB U (S) ME 19(1): 1^63, 1980(81) 55 Taxon Heliopetes domicella domicella Heliopetes ericetoriim Pyrgus scriptura Pyrgus communis Erynnis brizo burgessi Erynnis funeralis Erynnis meridianus meridianus Erynnis telemachus Chiomara asychis georgina Systasea zampa Thorybes pylades Polygonus leo arizonensis Epargyreus clarus huachuca Battus philenor philenor Papillio bairdii bairdii Papilio rudkini Papilio indra martini Papilio rutulus rutulus Papilio multicaudatus Neophasia menapia Pieris beckerii beckerii Pieris sisymbrii elivata Pieris protodice protodice Pieris rapae Colias eurytheme Colias philodice philodice Colias alexandra edwardsii Colias cesonia Phoebis sennae marcellina Eurema mexicana Eurema nicippe Nathalis iole Anthocaris pima Anthocaris sara thoosa Euchloe hyantis lotta Apodemia mormo mormo Apodemia palmeri marginalia Calephelis nemesis californica Calephelis wrightii Satyrium behrii behrii Ministrymon leda Callophrys fotis fotis Callophrys eryphon eryphon Callophrys spinetorum Callophrys siva siva Callophrys sheridanii comstocki Atlides halesus corcorani Biogeographical j.,- Primary, 1 Voltinism „ ... 13 Affinity Habitat T - - WNA M WS WNA M WS WS M WS RM U (S) M T M RA SWD M M RM U (S) ME T - - SWD M RA WS - - SWD - - SD - ME WS - - WNA - M MD B {S,F) DS MD B (S,SU) ME WNA U (SU) M WNA - ME WNA u (SU) M WNA M ME RM U (S) ME WS M WS WS M WS WS M WS WS - - GB U (S) DS WS M WS T - - T - - WS M WS T M WS SD U (S) DS MD U (S) ME MD u (S) ME GB M WS MD M DS SCM B (SU,F) RA SCM M RA SN U (SU) ME SD B (SU,F) DS GB U (S) ME WNA - - WNA B {S,SU) ME RM B (S,SU) ME MD B {S,F) ME WNA M DS SWD M WS WS M RA RM - - T M WS Strymon melinus pudica Lycaena helloides Lycaena dorcas castro Brephidium exilis 56 J. Res. Lepid. Biogeographical Primary^ -j. 1 Voltinism „ ... '3 Affinity ^ Habitat Leptotes marina T M WS Hemiarqus ceraunus gyas SWD M WS Hemiarqus isola alee ws M WS Plebejus melissa melissa WNA U (F) RA Plebejus icarioides evius SCM U (SU) M Plebejus shasta charlestonensis E U (SU) M Plebejus acmon acmon SN M WS Plebejus acmon texanus SWD M WS Everes amyntula WNA U (SU) M Euphilotes battoides nr. ellisii MD U (F) ME Euphilotes battoides martini MD U (S) DS Euphilotes battoides baueri GB - Euphilotes enoptes ssp. E U (SU) M Euphilotes enoptes dammersi MD U (F) DS Euphilotes mojave ssp. MD U (S) ME Philotiella speciosa speciosa MD U (S) DS Glaucopsyche lyqdamus ssp. MD U (S) DS Glaucopsyche lyqdamus oro RM U (SU) M Celastrina arqiolus cinerea RM M WS Libytheana bachmanii larvata SWD - WS Asterocampa celtis montis SD - ME Limenitis archippus absoleta SWD B (SU,F) RA Limenitis weidemeverii anaustif ascia SD U (SU) ME Limenitis weidemeverii nevadae E U (SU) M Adelpha bredowii. eulalia SWD M WS Vanessa atalanta rubria WS M WS Vanessa virginiensis WS B (SU,F) WS Vanessa cardui WS M WS Vanessa annabella WNA M WS Precis coenia WS M WS Nymphalis californica WNA U (SU) M Nymphalis milberti furcillata WNA U (SU) M Nymphalis antiopa antiopa WS U (SU) WS Polygonia satyrus satyrus WS B (SU,F) M Polygonia zephyrus WNA B (SU,F) M Chlosyne palla vallismortis MD U (SU) M Chlosyne neumoegeni neumoegeni MD B (S,F) DS Chlosyne lacinia crocale SWD M RA Chlosyne californica MD B (S,F) DS Anthanassa texana texana T ~ _ Phyciodes tharos distincta SWD - - Phyciodes phaon WS U (F) RA Phyciodes pallida barnesi RM _ _ Phyciodes mylitta mylitta SN ~ M Thessalia leanira alma GB u (S) DS Poladryas minuta arachne RM B (S,F) ME Euphydryas chalcedona kingstonensis MD B (S,F) DS Euphydryas anicia morandi E U (SU) M Euphydryas anicia ssp. RM U (S) ME Speyeria zerene carolae E U (SU) M 19(1): 1^63, 1980(81) 57 Taxon Biogeographical Affinity ^ Voltinism^ Primary^ Habitat Euptoieta claudia WS Agraulis vanillae incarnata SWD M WS Danaus plexippus plexippus WS M WS Danaus gilippus strigosus SWD M WS Cyllopsis pertepida dorothea RM B (SU,F} ME Coenonympha California California SCM _ " Coenonympha ochracea brenda GB U (SU) M Cercyonis sthenele ssp. E D (SO) ME = Endemic, MD = Mojave Desert, GB = Great Basin, SD = Sonoran Desert, SWD = Southwest Desert, SK = Sierra Nevada, RM = Rocky Mountain, SCM = Southern California Mediterranean, T = Tropical, WNA = Western North America, WS = Widespread. 2 U = univoltine, B = bivoltine, M = multivoltine , S = spring, SU = summer, F = fall, dash indicates insufficient data. ^DS = Desert Scrub, RA = Riparian/Agriculture, ME = Middle Elevations, M = Montane, WS = Widespread, dash indicates insufficient data. TABLE 3-. Biogeographic affinities of the Clark County, Nevada butterfly fauna. Element Primary Habitat Entire Widespread Agriculture/ Desert Middle Montane County Riparian Scrub Elevations (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Mojave Desert 18.3 O o 17.6 66.7 40.0 5.0 Great Basin 6.3 3.7 0.0 13.3 10.0 10.0 Sonoran Desert 4.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 5.0 O © Southwest Desert 11.1 18.5 17.6 0.0 0.0 5.0 Sierra Nevada 3.2 3.7 0.0 0.0 5.0 o © Rocky Mountain 9.5 3.7 0.0 O o 30.0 10.0 So. California Mediterranean 3.2 o o 11.8 o o O o 5.0 Tropical 7.1 11.1 5.9 0.0 o o © O Western North America 15.1 11.1 17.6 6.7 10.0 35,0 Widespread 18.3 48.1 29.4 o O © o 5.0 Number of species 126 27 17 15 20 20 Taxon Month 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 59 Month 60 J. Res. Lepid. 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 61 Tajoon Month 62 J. Res. Lepid. -K. ] ^ I 63 TABLE 5. Voltinism of the Clark Ctoimty, Nevada, butterfly fauna. Primary Habitat No. of Species Univoltines (%) Bivoltines (%) Multivoltines (%) Widespread 27 3.7 3.7 92.6 Agriculture-Riparian 17 11.8 23.5 64.7 Desert Scrub 15 53.3 33.3 13.3 Middle Elevations 20 65.0 30.0 5.0 Montane 20 75.0 20.0 5.0 County 99 39.4 20.2 40.4 TABLE 6. Voltinism of the to biogeographie Clark County, affinities . , Nevada, butterfly fauna Biogeographical Element Percent Univoltine Bivoltine Multi voltine Endemic 100.0 0.0 0.0 Mojave Desert 54.5 31.8 13.6 Great Basin 71.4 14.3 14.3 Sonoran Desert 66.7 33.3 0,0 Southwest Desert 0.0 11.1 88.0 Sierra Nevada 50.0 0.0 50,0 Rocky Mountain 55.6 33.3 11.1 So. California Mediterranean 33.3 33.3 33.3 Tropical 0.0 0.0 100.0 Western North America 37.5 18.8 43.6 Widespread 10,5 15.8 73.8 i. :^|S.7eo'' m . \Jcy(i P7 TA-r 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 19(1): 1-63, 1980(81) 63 TABLE 5. Voltinism of the Clark County, Nevada, butterfly fauna. Prirtary No. of Univoltines Bivoltines Multivoltines Habitat Species (%) (%) (%) Widespread Agriculture-Riparian Etesert Scrub Middle Elevations Jtontane 27 3.7 3.7 92.6 17 11.8 23.5 64.7 15 53.3 33.3 13.3 20- 65.0 30.0 5.0 20 75.0 20.0 5.0 99 39.4 20.2 40.4 Qsun-^ Journal of Research on the LepMoptera 19(1): 64, 1980(81) Book Review Herbivores: Their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Edited by Gerald A. Rosenthal and Daniel H. Janzen. Academic Press, New York, 1979. 718 pp. $59.50. The title of this book is misleading. It’s really an updating and attempted res3mthesis of that part of chemical ecology dealing with chemical mediation of herbivore-plant interaction. The emphasis is on insect herbivores and secondary plant compounds. The 20 chapters are divided into eco-evolutionary and primarily chemical. The latter are very compe- tent reviews of what ecologists may derisively call “chicken-wire chemistry” and their bibliographies are absolutely indispensible for anyone working in this field. The former, where the fun is, display once again that chemical ecology reduces intellectually to the ploy-counterploy model published by Fraenkel in 1959, and that its practitioners must constantly do battle against unjustified assumptions of adaptivity, “function,” and evolutionary history. The most interesting chapter in the book is by Janzen, who cautions his colleagues against all these deadly sins and in the process spins a tall tale about phylogenetic inertia (which might even be true). His caution that “herbivores do not eat Latin binomials” should apply especially to Lepidopterists, long plagued by questionable host records and the assumption that “a rose is a rose is a rose.” Gertrude Stein was not a biologist. Hard-headed hypothesis testers may well feel that many chemical ecologists aren’t either. Whether or not one is happy about chemical ecology as an explanatory or a predictive science, this is an important book. Athur M. Shapiro, Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Manuscript Format: Two copies must be submitted (xeroxed or carbon papered), double-spaced, typed, on 8V2 x 11 inch paper with wide margins. Number all pages consecutively and put author’s name at top right corner of each page. If your typewriter does not have italic type, underline all words where italics are intended. Footnotes, although discouraged, must be typed on a separate sheet. Do not hyphenate words at the right margin. All measurements must be metric, with the exception of altitudes and distances which should include metric equivalents in parenthesis. Time must be cited on a 24-hour basis, standard time. Abbreviations must follow common usage. Dates should be cited as example: 4. IV. 1979 (day-arabic numberal; month-Roman numeral; year- arabic numeral). Numerals must be used before measurements (5mm) or otherwise up to number ten e.g. (nine butterflies, 12 moths). Title Page: All papers must have the title , author’s name, author’s address, and any titular reference and institutional approval reference, all on a separate title page. A family citation must be given in parenthesis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) for referencing. Abstracts and Short Papers: All papers exceeding two typed pages must be ac- companied by an abstract of no more than 300 words. An additional summary is not required. Name Citations and Systematic Works: The first mention of any organism should include the full scientific name with author (not abbreviated) and year of description. New descriptions should conform to the format: male: female, type data, diagnosis, distribu- tion, discussion. There must be conformity to the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. We strongly urge deposition of types in major museums, all type depositions must be cited. References: All citations in the text must be alphabetically listed under Literature Cited in the format given in recent issues. Abbrevations must conform to the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Do not underline periodicals. If four or less references are cited, please cite in body of text not in Literature Cited. Tables: Tables should be minimized. Where used, they should be formulated to a size which will reduce to 4 x 6y2 inches. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed with heading and explanation on top and footnotes below. Number with Arabic numerals. Both horizontal and vertical rules may be indicated. Complex tables may be reproduced from typescript. Illustrations: Color must be submitted as a transparency (i.e., slide) ONLY, the quality of which is critical. On request, the editor will supply separate detailed instructions for making the most suitable photographic ilustrations. Black and white photographs should be submitted on glossy paper, and, as with line drawings, must be mounted on stiff white cardboard. Authors must plan on illustrations for reduction to the 4 x 6V2” page. Allowance should be made for legends beneath, unless many consecutive pages are used. Drawings should be in India ink at least twice the final size. Include a metric scale or calculate and state the actual magnification of each illustration as printed. Each figure should be cited and explained as such. The term “plate” should not be used. Each illustration should be identified as to author and title on the back, and should indicate whether the illustration be returned. Legends should be separately typed on pages entitled “Explanation of Figures”. Number legends consecutively with separate paragraph for each page of illustrations. Do not attach to illustrations. Retain original illustrations until paper finally accepted. Review: All papers will be read by the editor(s) & submitted for formal review to two referees. Authors are welcome to suggest reviewers, and if received, submit name & comments of reviewers. Volume 19 Number 1 Spring, ly>S0(8 EV THIS ISSUE Date of Publication: September 7, 1981 Butterflies of Clark County, Nevada George T. & Anna T. Austin Book Review Cover Illustration: Black and white adaptation of a color illustration from A Flight of Butterflies. Reprint permission given by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY. Volume 19 Number 2 Summer, 1980(81) Published By: The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc. c/o Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road Santa Barbara, California 93105 Founder: William Hovanitz Editorial Staff: Rudolf H. T. Mattoni, Editor Lorraine L. Rothman, Managing Editor Scott E. Miller, Assistant Editor Associate Editors: Thomas Emmel, U.S.A. Arthur Shapiro, U.S.A. Brian 0. C. Gardiner, England Bjorn Petersen, Sweden Otakar Kudma, Germany Ichiro Nakamura, U.S.A. Miguel R. Gomez Bustillo, Spain Manuscripts may be sent to the Editor at: 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 (213) 274-1052 Notices Material may be sent to the Managing Editor. The JOURNAL is sent to all members of the FOUNDATION. Classes of Membership: Regular $12 year (volume) Regular outside U.S.A. $15 year (volume) Family $15 year (volume) Contributing $25 or more, year (volume) Subscriptions to the Journal are $15.00 per year. Special subscriptions are available to students at $ 10.00 per year, limited to a 5-year period. Any contributions above $15.00 to the Journal are tax-deductible. Please make application from the Secretary-Treasurer. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON THE LEPIDOPTERA is published four times a year. Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, by THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. The office of the publication and the general business office are located at 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105. The pubUsher is THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. The Editor is R. H. T. Mattoni at the above Beverly Hills address. The Secretary-Treasurer is Barbara Jean Hovanitz at the general business office. All matters pertaining to membership, dues, and subscriptions should be addressed to her, including inquiry concerning mailing, missing issues, change of address, and reprints. The owner is THE LEPIDOPTERA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC., a non-profit organization incorporated under the laws of the State of California in 1965. The President is R. H. T. Mattoni, the Vice President is John Emmel, the Secretary-Treasurer is Barbara Jean Hovanitz. The Board of Directors is comprised of R. A. Arnold, Barbara Jean Hovanitz, and R. H. T. Mattoni. There are no bond holders, mortgages, or other security holders. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(2): 65-67, 1980(81) Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, in Kem County, California: Integrated Control and Biological Notes (Lepidoptera: Tortiicidae, Olethreutinae) Dennis M. Poore Kem County Department of Agriculture, Bakersfield, California 93302 Abstract. Rhyacionia frustrana had four generations on Monterey pine {Pinus radiata) in the San Joaquin Valley of California during 1974 with summer generations of approximately six weeks. In Cali- fornia, the moth prefers P. radiata, but has been found in association with eight other pine species. The use of chemical, biological and cultural control practices has evidently lead to its eradication in a Kem County pine plantation. Tlie Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), is known to have a wide geographical distribution. Powell and Miller (1978) show the following range: Central America (Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), southern Mexico (Oaxaca State), West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica and Dominican Republic), eastern United States (eastern Texas and Florida, north to Missouri and Massachusetts). This pine tip moth was probably introduced into California on infested nurseiy stock from the eastern United States sometime in the late 1960’s, according to informa- tion assimilated by a task force of various State and Federal agencies. In California five counties (San Bernardino, San Diego, Riverside, Orange and Kem) have been known to have infestations. The hosts^ recorded for R. frustrana in California are Pinus attenuata Lemmon (Knobcone pine);P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng. (Canary Island pine); P. halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine); P. jeffreyi Grev. and Bah. (Jeffrey pine); P. nigra Arnold (Austrian Black pine); P. radiata D. Don. (Monterey pine); P. roxburghii Sarg. (Chir pine); P. sylvestris L. (Scotch pine); P. thunbergiana Franco (Japanese Black pine) (personal communication - T. D. Eichhn, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture). Nine species of pines (excluding exotics and ornamentals) in the eastern United States have been recorded as hosts (Powell and Miller, 1978). Rhyacionia was first detected in Kem County on November 10, 1971. Tlie specimens were collected from Monterey pines (which is the preferred host in California) at a Christmas tree farm, Kem County, Wasco, California, Section 36, Township 26s. Range 24e. M.D. The damage by burrowing larvae caused severe dieback to the terminals. The dieback ‘Not all hosts have been confirmed from rearing records 66 J. Res. Lepid. caused secondary and lateral shoots to form, which resulted in reduced growth, misshappen and compacted trees. During 1974, the life history of R. frustrana on Monterey pines at the infested Christmas tree farm was determined*. Peak flight was determined by extrapolation from numerical counts of larvae, pupae, pupal cases and adults. The major flight of adults from overwintering pupae occurred April 15; first generation peak flight was May 30 (T 3 days); second generation peak flight was July 10 (T 4 days); third generation peak flight was August 28 (T 4 days). The summer generations took approximately six weeks to complete development. A total of four generations occurred. Brown and Eads (1975) postulated that in’ San Diego County R. frustrana had four broods annually. Yates and Beal (1962) stated that R frustrana has two to possibly five generations annually in the southeastern United States, depending on latitude. A chemical and a biological control agent were applied in 1976 in an attempt at eradication (See Table 1). Surveys were conducted in late summer through fall to determine efficacy of the materials. In the tree farm, only three live pupae from a single Monterey pine were found on October 7, 1976. No insecticides were applied during 1977 and 1978. During 1977 surveys for the pest, only a single larva was found, which was observed in September. No other specimens of the pine tip moth have been collected subsequently. Table 1 Insecticides Applied During 1976 APPL. DATE MATERIAL^ RATE/ACRE APPL. METHOD 3/30 carbaryl - D 5 lbs. a.i. Back pack duster 4/14 B. T. 50 lbs. Fixed wing aircraft 4/27 carbaryl - D 6 lbs. a.i. Fixed wing aircraft 5/11 B. T. 60 lbs. Fixed wing aircraft 5/25 carbaryl - D 6 lbs. a.i. Fixed wing aircraft 6/8 B. T. 37 lbs.** Fixed wing aircraft 6/22 carbaryl - D 6 lbs. a.i. Fixed wing aircraft 7/6 carbaryl - D 6 lbs. a.i. Fixed wing aircraft a.i. = active ingredient B.T. = Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) ♦Used under S.L.N. registration CA-760011 and CA-760012, Dipel® 1 Dust and Sevin® 10 Dust, respectively. ♦♦Expended all available material for the project. 19(2): 65-67, 1980(81) 67 TYee shaping by terminal tipping done at three to four week intervals in 1977 and 1978 was, in fact, a cultural practice aiding in control of the pest. At the same time, any chlorotic tips were also removed and crushed. R. frustrana had four generations on Monterey pines in the San Joaquin Valley during 1974 with summer generations of approximately six weeks duration. The application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) and carbaryl at bi-weekly intervals suppressed the tip moth’s population to a very low level. Following continuous terminal tipping at three to four week intervals, no specimens have been collected since September 1977. Literature Cited BROWN, L. R. & c. o. EADS, 1975. Nantucket pine tip moth in Southern California: Identity and Insecticidal Control. Jour. Econ. Entom. 68(2): 380-382. POWELL, J. A. & w. E. MILLER. 1978. Nearctic pine tip moths of the Genus Rhyacionia: Biosystematic Review (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae). U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 514, 51 pp. YATES, H. O. & R. H. BEAL. 1962. Nantucket pine tip moth, U.S.D.A. For. Serv., For. Pest Leafl. 70, 4 pp. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(2): 68-71, 1980(81) Moths of North America North of Mexico, Supplemental literature: 1 J. C. E. Riotte Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum, P. 0. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96819 The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera herein initiates a project to continually update the Moths of North America North of Mexico (MONA) by citing all relevant papers published subsequent to each fascicle produced. We feel the service will maintain the value of MONA and urge all readers to submit citations to Riotte for incorporation into the periodic bibliographies we will publish. Fascicle 6.2, Gelechioidea - Oecophoridae Hodges, R. W, Oecophoridae from West Texas. J. Lep. Soc. 29: 89-94 (1975). Heppner, J. B. Mathildana newmanella (Oecophoridae) in Arkansas. J. Lep. Soc. 30: 18 (1976). Fascicle 13, Pyraloidea Munroe, E. Additional material of Scoparia huachucalis Munroe, with description of male geniialia (Pyralidae, Scopariinae). J. Lep. Soc, 31: 63-66 (1977). Fiance, S. B. & R. E. Moeller. Immature stages and ecological observations of Eoparargyractis plevie (Pyralidae: Nimphulinae). J. Lep. Soc. 31: 81-88 (1977). McFarland, N. Larval foodplant records for 106 species of North American moths. J. Lep. Soc. 29: 112-125 (1975). Includes some Pyralidae. Kendall, R. 0. Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. J. Lep. Soc. 30: 264-271 (1976). Pyralidae and Sphingidae, Munroe, E. A new genus and species of Odontiinae from Arkansas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Can. Ent. 105: 669-671 (1973). Munroe, E. A new Nocteulopsis from Texas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Odonti- inae). Can. Ent. 106: 655-658 (1974). Heppner, J. B. Synopsis of the genus Parargyractis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Nymphulinae) in Florida. The Florida Entomologist 59: 5-19 (1976). Munroe, E . Additional Material of Scoparia huachucalis Munroe, with description of male genitalia (Pyralidae, Scopariinae). J. Lep. Soc. 31: 63-66 (1977). Munroe, E. A new species related to the garden webworm, with a key to American members of the genus Achyra Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae). Can. Ent. 110: 499-505 (1978). McCafferty, W. P. & M. C. Minno. The aquatic and semiaquatic Lepidoptera of Indiana and adjacent areas. The Great Lakes Ent. 12: 179-187 (1979). 19(2): 68-71, 1980(81) 69 Fascicle 20.1, Mimallonoidea and Bombycoidea (excl. Satumiidae) McFarland, N. Larval foodplant records for 106 species of North American moths. J. Lep. Soc. 29: 112-125 (1975). Includes some Lasiocampidae. Lajonquiere, Yes de. Revision du Genre Phyllodesma Huebner - n(e) Partie - Especes nearctiques (suite) - Correction et Adjunction. Bull, de la Soc. entomol. de France, Tome 81, mars-avril, 108-112 (1976). Fascicle 20.2A, Bombycoidea - Satumiidae (Part) McFarland, N. Notes on three species of Hemileuca (Satumiidae) from eastern Oregon and California. J. Lep. Soc. 28: 136-141 (1974). Smith, Capt. M. J. Life history notes on some Hemileuca species (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 142-145 (1974). Dominick, R. B. Amphion nessu^ (Sphingidae) attracted to female Anisota virginiensis pellucida (Citheroniidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 176 (1974). Leeuw, 1. A further note on the acceptability of an alternate foodplant for Heijiileuca maia (Dmry) (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 301 (1974). Worth, C. B., T. F. Williams, A. P. Platt & B. P. Bradley. Differential growth among larvae of Citheronia regalis (Satumiidae) on three genera of foodplants. J. Lep. Soc. 33: 162-166 (1979). Worth, C. B. Doubly overwintering Citheronia regalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 33: 166 (1979). Tuskes, P. M. A new species of Hemileuca from the southwestern United States (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc, 32: 97-102 (1978). Fascicle 20.2B, Bombydoidea - Satumiidae (Part) Collins, M. M. Notes on the taxonomic status of Hyalophora Columbia (Satumi- idae). J. Lep. Soc. 27: 225-235 (1973). Tuskes, P. M. The distribution and larval foodplant relationships of Saturnia walterorum (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 172-174 (1974). Scarbrough, A. G., G. P. Waldbauer & J. G. Stemburg. Feeding and survival of Cecropia (Satumiidae) larvae on various plant species. J. Lep. Soc. 28:212-219 (1974). Peigler, R. The geographical distribution of Callosamia securifera (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 29: 188-191 (1975). Orsak, L. J. The type locality of Saturnia walterordm (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 29: 191 (1975). Koehalmi, L. & P. Moens. Evidence for the existence of an intergrade population between Hyalophora gloveri nokomis and H. Columbia in northwestern Ontario (Lepidoptera: Satumiidae). Can. Ent. 107: 793-799’ (1975). McFarland, N. Larval foodplant records for 106 species of North American moths. J. Lep. Soc. 29: 112-125 (1975). Among other 4 Satumiidae. Miller, T. A. & W. J. Cooper. Portable outdoor cages for mating female giant silk- worm moths (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 30: 95-104 (1976). Miller, T. A. Observations of Eupackardia calleta in Southern Texas (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 30: 127-130 (1976). Peigler, R. S. Observations on host plant relationships and larval nutrition in Callosamia (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc, 30: 184-187 (1976). 70 J. Res. Lepid. Prentiss, J. B. Time variations of pupal stage of Eupackardia calleta (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 30: 187 (1976). Tuskes, P. M. A key to the last instar larvae of west coast Satumiidae. J. Lep. Soc. 30: 272-276 (1976). Includes one species of Sphingicampa (fasc. 20. 2A). Scarbrough, A. G., J. G. Sternburg & G. P. Waldbauer. Selection of the cocoon spinning site by the larvae of //ya/ophoracecropia (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 31: 153-166 (1977). Gillaspy, J. E. Antheraea polyphemus (Satumiidae) and Biblis hyperia (Nymphal- idae) in Texas. J. Lep. Soc. 31: 166 (1977). Preston, W. B. & W. B. McKillop. A melanistic specimen of Antheraea polyphemus polyphemus (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 33: 147-148 (1979). Toliver, M. E., J. G. Sternburg & G. P. Waldbauer. Daily flight periods of male Callosamia promethea (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 33: 232-238 (1979). Peigler, R. S. Collecting cocoons of Callosamia securifera (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 30: 111-113 (1976). Peigler, R, S. Wing color variation in Callosamia (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 30: 114-115 (1976). Peigler, R. S. Hybridization of Callosamia (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 31: 23-34 (1977). Peigler, R. S. Parasitism of Callosamia (Lepidoptera: Satumiidae). J. Georgia Ent. Soc. 12: 111-114 (1977). Peigler, R. S. Hybrids between Callosamia and Sarnia (Satumiidae). J. Lep. Soc. 32: 191-197 (1978). Fascicle 21, Sphingoidea Dominick, R. B. Some notes on the Sphingidae. J. Lep. Soc. 26: 234 (1972). This note gave th^ idea for MONA follow-up. Howe, W. H. The mature larva of Sphinx vashti (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 26: 247-248 (1972). First larval photo. Franklin, C. M. New distribution records for Ceratomia hageni (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 26: 198 (1972). Dominick, R. B. Life history of Isoparce cupressi (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 27: 1-8 (1973). Blanchard, A. Record and illustration of some interesting moths flying in Texas (Sphingidae,...). J. Lep. Soc. 27: 103-109 (1973). Addition: Amplypterus donysa (Dmce). Beutelspacher, C. R. New Mexican Sphingidae records. J. Lep. Soc. 27: 303-304 (1973). Dominick, R. B. A further field note on Isoparce cupressi (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 157 (1974). Dominick, R. B. Amphion nessus (Sphingidae) attracted to female Anisota virginiensis pellucida (Citheroniidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 176 (1974). Lloyd, J. E. Genital Stridulation in Psilogramma menephron (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 28: 349-351 (1974). McFarland, N. Larval foodplant records for 106 species of North American moths. J. Lep. Soc. 29: 112-125 (1975). Includes 1 sphingid. Rickard, M. A. Life history notes on three Texas Sphingidae. J. Lep. Soc. 29: 167 (1975). 19(2); 68-71, 1980(81) 71 Brown, C. H. A survey of the Sphingidae of Sanibel Island, Florida. J. Lep. Soc. 30: 230-233 (1976). Kendall, R. O. Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. J. Lep. Soc. 30: 264-271 (1976). Pyralidae and Sphingidae. Tuttle, J. P. Cocytius duponchel (Sphingidae): Second United States capture. J. Lep. Soc. 31: 34 (1977). Williams, B. D. Life history observations on Hemaris gracilis (Sphingidae). J. Lep. Soc. 33: 254-257 (1979). Riotte, J. C. E. A review of the North American hawk moth genus Lapara (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Life Sci. Contr. 79, R. Ont. Mus., p. 40 (1972). Riotte, J. C. E. Sphinx poecila - a valid North American hawkmoth species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The Great Lakes Ent. 13: 115-130 (1980). Fascicle 22.2, Noctuoidea - Lymantriidae NeU, K. A new subspecies of Orgyia leucostigma (Lymantriidae) from Sable Island, Nova Scotia. J. Lep. Soc. 33: 245-247 (1979). Acknowledgments The implementation of the referee system, starting with Volume 17, has been an outstanding success in assuring publication of the highest quality papers. At this point all holdover papers from pre-referee time have been used, including a few brief taxonomic papers by recognized authorities which we felt did not require review. Referees we wish to thank are: Ray White Frances Chew Art Shapiro Jerry Powell John Emmel Douglas Ferguson Larry Gilbert Jon Sheppard L. P. Grey F. M. Brown R. S. Peigler T. 0. Eichlin Fred Stehr Tom Emmel Michael Collins Ichiro Nakamura Paul Ehrlich Paul Tuskes Richard Hoffman Robert Lacy Peter Brussard Ashley Morton Pritam Singh John Huxley Richard Vane- Wright Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(2): 72-81, 1980(81) Demonstration of Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms in Callosamia (Saturniidae) by Artificial Hybridization Richard S. Peigler^ Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA Abstract. The isolating mechanisms in Callosamia form an elaborate array of complex and numerous ones including premating to postzygotic. The cross C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 is described for the first time, as well as a complex cross involving C. angulifera and C. securifera, these in addition to ten crosses reported earlier. Some of the results obtained are comparable to those achieved by other workers hybridizing other genera of Lepidoptera. Each isolating mechanism is discussed and interpreted. The relationship between speciation and isolating mechanisms is discussed also, with a review of some recent literature on this topic. Introduction The genus Callosamia Packard is a well-defined North American group of satumiid moths comprised of only three species: C. angulifera (Walker), C. promethea (Drury), and C. securifera (Maassen). Although generally considered to be “well-known”, many questions remain un- answered about the phylogeny and ecology of these insects. Moreover, the barriers to hybridization in nature are much more complicated than simple differences in circadian mating behavior. Obtaining and rearing hybrids in the laboratory, and careful studies of natural populations can help elucidate these problems. The purpose of this paper is to figure and describe briefly artificial hybrids obtained since my report on ten earlier crosses (Peigler, 1977), and to discuss some of the evolutionary, ecological, and genetic aspects of the genus, with special reference to isolating mechanisms. Descriptions of New Crosses C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 Three broods of this cross were reared simultaneously. A brief account of each brood is given followed by a composite description of the stages based on all three broods. Table 1 contains numbers involved in the broods. Brood 1 was the result of a hand-pairing using a male and female (both from wild-collected cocoons) from Berkeley County, South Carolina. Museum Associate in Entomology, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 19(2): 72-81, 1980(81) 73 Some larvae were reared on tuliptree {Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and some on sweetbay {Magnolia virginiana L.). Those fed on the former grew larger. Many larvae died of disease in the penultimate stadium. Brood 2 was the result of hand-pairing a male from a wild-collected cocoon from Berkeley Co., S.C. and a reared female from Pine Grove, Schuylkill Co., Pennsylvania. Larvae were fed tuliptree. Brood 3 resulted from a natural pairing in a cage between a male from the same source as the others and a female from Pine Grove, PA from a wild- collected cocoon. Mortality in this brood occurred during the larval stadia. Larva (Fig. 1): Color bluish as in pure C. promethea, but most with pale lateral stripes. Red and yellow scoli large, either weakly clavate or tapered toward apex, in a few individuals some of these scoli bifid. Two larvae in Brood 1 were supertuberculate (see Peigler, 1977). Cocoon: Most with well-developed attachments to stem. Color brownish- gray to brilliant gold. Exhibiting considerable variation yet mostly intermediate between parent species. Male (Fig. 2): Characters of pure C. promethea very dominant, having very dark ground color and only minimal gold suffusion beyond postmedian line. Most with a trace of discal mark in forewing, not in hindwing. Underside more intermediate but traits of C. promethea still predominating. Wing apices generally more falcate (pointed) than males of either parent species. Some specimens with sparse scaling on thorax and abdomen. Female (Fig. 3): Antennae and spiracular pattern intermediate. Color in most specimens reddish like C. promethea but lighter, some almost orange. Very pronounced black along postmedian line and around discal marks, as in C. promethea, but with even more contrast with adjacent areas. Underside quite intermediate, not dissimilar to pure C. anguliferal Some of these are larger than any females, hybrid or purebred, in the genus which I have seen — the proverbial heterosis. C. [angulifera cT X {angulifera cf X securifera 9)9]cr X C. securifera 9 All C. angulifera stock originated at Clemson, Pickens Co., S.C. and C. securifera stock at Berkeley Co., S.C. and after hand-patring, the female laid 110 ova, of which six hatched. One larva was reared on tuliptree to the pupal stage and a female emerged in July. She was mated to a male C. angulifera but the ova did not hatch. Larva: The yellowish lateral stripe prominent. Colored scoli (red anterior ones, yellow caudal one) very small. Black scoli so minute as to be almost invisible. Cocoon: Large and puffy as in pure C. securifera, having a long, thin peduncle. Color of silk very golden. Female: Color light orange. Very close to pure C. securifera on upper- and undersides. Discal marks in all four wings large, more as in C. angulifera. 74 J. Res. Lepid. Fig. 1. Mature larva of Callosamia securifera cf X C. promethea 9 from Brood 2. (Coloration in figure is too blue). Fig. 2. Hybrid male of C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 from Brood 2. Fig. 3. Hybrid female of C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 from Brood 1. (Coloration of actual specimen is more orange). 19(2): 72-81, 1980(81) 75 Conclusions from Above Crosses The larvae of the three broods of C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 were all intermediate between parent species but exhibited pronounced differences between each brood (larvae of the pure species are rather constant). Larvae within a single brood showed minimal variation among themselves. Thus, each time a particular cross is repeated, one can expect similar but not identical results. One of the conclusions from my earlier experiments (Peigler, 1977) was that hybrids involving C. promethea are sterile, i.e., cannot be backcrossed or make F2 crosses. Due to different emergence dates for males and females and my being away when they emerged, I was unable to test the fertility of these moths by additional matings. Earlier crosses of C. promethea with the two other species failed to show two larval characters, which appeared in the new cross. One of these traits is the presence of a light lateral stripe, and the other is the whitish ring on the four red thoracic scoli just above the black bases. These two features can be seen clearly in the color photograph (Fig. 1) of one of the larvae, which could otherwise pass for pure C. promethea. The three broods of the cross C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 gave similar results despite the fact that in one the female was from the South (from a population sympatric with C. securifera) and in the other two the females were from Pennsylvania (allopatric to C. securifera). This suggests that geographical genetic variation may be overshadowed by interspecific genetic differences. Many additional crosses are needed to develop such conclusions. Source localities of parental stock in hybridization studies should always be recorded. The complex cross described above involving C. angulifera and C. securifera gave evidence that a small amount of fertility can be retained in hybrids for at least three generations, notwithstanding the fact that eclosion becomes very low already in the first backcross or F2 cross (this is item 7 on Table 2), as also shown in some of my earlier crosses. This sterility occurs even when the ovipositing female is purebred. As I pointed out (Peigler, 1977), most mortality in hybrid broods occurs in very young larvae, suggesting a genetically based physiological dis- harmony. Because of the ever-present problem of disease, and the fact that broods of the pure species also suffer from the same, such “negative data” cannot be very useful. I have no quantitative data available for percent success in rearing the three pure species from eggs to adults, but the usual results are normally no better than in the Fi hybrid broods. Workers using Drosophila, certain plants, etc. enjoy higher numbers of experimental subjects on which to make statistical analyses. My methods of recording and tabulating data from the hybridization experiments follow those prescribed by Robinson (197 1) in the introductory chapter of his book. A summary of results of all Fi crosses I have made thus far is given in Table 1. 76 J. Res. Lepid. Isolating Mechanisms Collins and Tuskes (1979) provided a definitive study of isolating mechanisms in another genus of satumiid moths, but these were pre- dominantly prezygotic, and postzygotic ones such as reported here are desirable to complete their study. The present study of Callosamia would be enhanced by prezygotic observations such as theirs. I have attracted males of C. angulifera and C. securifera to captive females of C. promethea which were emitting pheromone during the flight times of the other two species. To determine whether pheromone differences exist between the three species will require observations such as those of Collins and Tuskes (1979). Priesner (1968) gave data to suggest that the pheromone of all three species of Callosamia may be the same, and demonstrated that Hyalo- phora cecropia (L.) and C. promethea have different pheromones, but there is a partial degree of interattractivity . Rau and Rau (1929) reported a male of C. promethea attracted to a female of H. cecropia which emitted pheromone at the normal time before dawn. Harbich (1976) presented an array of postzygotic isolating mechanisms in sphingid moths remarkably parallel to those of Callosamia. General classifications of reproductive isolating mechanisms were tabulated by Dobzhansky (1970) and Littlejohn (1969). My Table 2 roughly follows the format of the latter, but is modified to fit Callosamia in particular. In nature each of the isolating mechanisms enumerated in Table 2 are tested if the previous one fails. In captivity only items la and 2 can be circumvented by artificial methods, and we may assume that temporal isolation is probably the most important one operating in nature. Selection should be expected toward those highest on the list (Littlejohn, 1969). In Callosamia crosses it is possible to see examples of all isolating mechanisms in Table 2 excepting item 2. Even this one could be tested by placing captive females in large cages with a choice of plants for oviposition. I am not aware of any valid reports of wild hybrids ever being found, but private and museum collections should be checked nonetheless. The erroneous report of a C. promethea-C. angulifera wild hybrid in the News of the Lepidopterists’ Society (June 1975, p. 10) was based on the erroneous statement that these hybrids occur by Collins and Weast (1961). Although the artificial hybrids of known parentage are recognizable as having intermediate or combined traits, wild hybrids could be easily overlooked unless a search with the explicit intention of finding them was undertaken. The searcher must be familiar with the normal variation which occurs within each species. If the three species of Callosamia can be crossed so easily in captivity, surely the primary isolating mechanisms must oc- casionally fail in nature. Examples of how this could occur include the possibility of artificial lights (such as streetlights) causing a female of C. promethea to continue emitting pheromone after nightfall, thus attracting 19(2): 72-81, 1980(81) 77 Table 1: RESULTS OF BASIC Fi CROSSES IN CALLOSAMIA* CROSS No. eggs eclosed/ no. eggs deposited No. pupating No. d No. 9 fast- slow 99 development angulifera d X promethea 9 33 19 14 fast 99 angulifera d X promethea 9 6/115 2 1 1 angulifera d X securifera 9 ca. 125/150 56 - 25 28 fast 99 angulifera d X securifera 9 14/17 12 7 4 promethea d X securifera 9 155/175 ca. 20^* 4 0 promethea d X securifera 9 109+/235 31 23 8 slow 99 securifera d X promethea 9 125/134 10 6 4 slow 99 securifera d X promethea 9 almost 100% eclosion 32 19 13 slow 99 securifera d X promethea 9 almost 100% eclosion 15 9 6 slow 99 securifera d X angulifera 9 21/128 12 6 5 slow 99 angulifera d X Sarnia cynthia 9 over 90% eclosion 10 4 0 ♦Including results from Peigler (1977 and 1978). ♦♦Less than half pupated within the 55 cocoons which were spun. Note: The only basic F i cross combination which I have not had the opportunity to make is promethea d' X angulifera 9. Table 2: ISOLATING MECHANISMS IN CALLOSAMIA 1. Reduction or elimination of cross -mating a. Temporal b. Mechanical 2. Incorrect or poor choice of foodplant for oviposition 3. Zygotic mortality — eggs fail to hatch 4. Weak Fi progeny a. Larval inviability b. Disruptive diapause of pupa (see Peigler, 1978) c. Adults not vigorous or well -formed (see Peigler, 1977) 5. Differing developmental times for female hybrids 6. Incorrect temporal activity of hybrid adults 7. Fi hybrid or backcross sterility — partial or complete Note: Mechanism la is premating, lb-7 are postmating; 1-2 are prezygotic, 3-7 are postzygotic 78 J. Res. Lepid. males of C, angulifera. Even if the situation just proposed were to occur, it would be additionally necessary for the female to have failed to mate with a male of C. promethea earlier, which is also unlikely. Another possibility for cross matings is the emergence of females of two species in close proximity (within several cm), and males mating with both when attracted to the first “calling” female. Circadian temporal isolation (allochronic mating behavior) in Callosamia was finally clarified by Ferguson (1972). Stated simply, C. securifera flies (i.e., females emit pheromone and males respond) during midday hours, C. promethea flies in late afternoon, and C. angulifera flies after sundown but before midnight. Supposedly a margin of one hour or more falls between these flight times when no species is flying. Male and female Fi hybrids of Callosamia are possibly at a disadvantage for timing of correct mating behavior (item 5 on Table 2). Some data for this are in Peigler (1977). One area of worthwhile investigation would be comparison of exact flight times of all three species of Callosamia between sympatric and allopatric populations. Specifically, would C. promethea fly earlier and/or later in Cedar Rapids, Iowa where it is common but the other two species do not occur, than populations of C. promethea living among its congeners? Indeed Ferguson (1972) stated that C. securifera flies earlier in coastal South Carolina (sympatric with C. promethea) than in south-central Florida (allopatric to C. promethea). The flight times of these two diurnal species probably vary with atmospheric conditions (Collins and Weast, 1961), with population density (low population levels perhaps having a broader flight time to ensure all females are mated), and with latitude, since photoperiod varies with the latter. Lepidopterists in several states could make useful contributions by keeping careful and persistent records on the circadian behavior of these moths, and noting the aforementioned parameters. Some data are already in place (RauandRau, 1929; Toliver et al., 1979). There appears to be no seasonal temporal isolation in Callosamia, as was given by Ferguson (1972) for two species of Hyalophora in southeastern Canada. Mechanical isolation (incompatibility of genitalia) is virtually negligible between C. securifera and C. angulifera, but C. promethea has considerably larger genitalia in both sexes than its congeners. Should we then be surprised that the flight time of C. promethea falls between the other two? Shapiro (1978) and Dobzhansky (1970) gave some convincing arguments against the “lock and key” significance, but I believe that mechanical differences in Callosamia do play a role in reducing natural hybridization. I have discussed (Peigler, 1977 and 1978) how this difference also hinders artificial hybridization experiments. Male genitalia of the hybrids are intermediate in size and shape. Information on foodplant specificity in this genus can be found elsewhere (Ferguson, 1972; Peigler, 1976; Feeny and Scriber, 1979). 19(2): 72-81, 1980(81) 79 Since tulip tree is known to be the best foodplant for hybrids, ovipositing females of C. promethea which had mated to one of the other species would likely select plants unsuitable for the hybrid larvae, since C. promethea is polyphagous. A female of C. securifera would oviposit on sweetbay, although tuliptree would be a better host for her offspring if she had mated to a nonconspecific male. Brood 1 of the cross C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9 included a striking difference in size of adults between those reared on tuliptree and those on sweetbay. Slower growth rates were also seen when rearing on sweetbay the larvae of C. angulifera cf X C. securifera 9 (Peigler, 1976). It is possible that tuliptree is the best foodplant for pure C. promethea, as shown by certain growth data given by Feeny and Scriber (1979). Since C. angulifera is monophagous on tuliptree, the foodplant difficulty would not occur in wild hybrid broods in which the mother was C. angulifera. An Fi hybrid female of any given parentage in the genus may be no more likely to select the best foodplant (tuliptree) than a less optimal one. Such foodplant differences in closely related species of Lepidoptera can certainly be interpreted as an isolating mechanism. Female hybrids showing both heterosis (as I mentioned under the cross C. securifera cf X C. promethea 9) and reduced viability (as I mentioned under C. promethea cT X C. securifera 9 in Peigler (1977)) were obtained in crosses of the genus Colias (Pieridae) by Grula and Taylor (1980). The latter authors attributed these differences between sexes in hybrid broods and between reciprocal crosses to the X-chromosome, which apparently contains most or all genes governing size, developmental rate, wing pigmentation, and wing color pattern. Callosamia has not been investi- gated cytogenetically, except for spermatogenesis in C. promethea (Robin- son, 1971). Moths in the same subfamily (Satumiinae) as Callosamia may have the XXcf :XY 9 or XXcf :X09 type of sex determination, the presence of sex chromatin seemingly correlated with the latter (Gupta and Narang, 1980). It would be best to reserve speculation about the genetic implications of results from crosses within this genus until such basic cytogenetic information is available. Haldane’s Rule (Robinson, 1971: 24; Dobzhansky, 1970: 333) that the heterogametic sex is rarer or has reduced viability in hybrid broods certainly appears to hold for Callosamia. The pronounced sexual dimorphism of these moths will make such studies all the more enticing, since the findings of Grula and Taylor (1980) suggest increased sexual dimorphism connotes increased genetic incompatibility in hybridization of Lepidoptera. A conspicuous phenomenon which is well-illustrated by Callosamia hybrids is that of males emerging before or after females of a hybrid brood, frequently the females diapause and the males do not (see Table 1). This was also shown by Cocault et al. (1980) in a hybrid brood of the saturniids Graellsia isahellae (Graells) cT XActias luna (L.) 9. Oliver (1978 and 1979) found the phenomenon in his nymphalid hybrids as did Grula and Taylor 80 J. Res. Lepid. (1980) in their hybrids of Colias. The differing developmental rates of the sexes in hybrid Lepidoptera are here proposed as an isolating mechanism (item 5 in Table 2) because such would reduce frequency of F2 and backcross matings when hybrid broods are produced in nature. Based on the few F 1 crosses made thus far in Callosamia, it appears that fast female development occurs in hybrid broods in which the father is C. angulifem, and slow female development is to be expected in broods fathered by C. securifera or C. promethea. Discussion Some workers have advocated that isolating mechanisms are the result of speciation, not the cause (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969) while others appear to take the opposing viewpoint (e.g., Bush, 1969). Lewontin (1974: 161) felt that isolating mechanisms arise as a result of genetic divergence due to allopatry, and then become selectively reinforced upon secondary contact. These matters were also ably reviewed by Futuyma and Mayer (1980) who concluded that the genetic and selective causes of reproductive isolation are still largely unknown. In Callosamia I would propose that the large amount of genetic incompatibility inferred from the hybrid crosses is strong evidence that the genomes of the three species differ considerably, but allozyme analysis would be desirable as proof. These and other isolating mechanisms were probably increased in number and intensity after speciation was complete. Once allochronic mating behavior became perfected (whatever the cause) to the point that cross matings were no longer significant in number, the other mechanisms would increase in number and intensity due to genetic divergence, the three species then being on separate paths of evolution. The postzygotic ones cannot be assumed, in my opinion, to have evolved to be relied upon when the prezygotic ones failed. They are merely coincidental, but are to be considered valid isolating mechanisms in that they reduce chances of hybrids being produced, or when produced will fail to pollute the genomes of the pure species. Although the evolutionary processes which result in speciation and in reproductive isolation are still poorly understood, the two processes must evidently go hand-in-hand to the extent that one is not necessarily the result of the other. Acknowledgments: I thank Dr. Joseph E. Eger and two anonymous referees for the Journal for reviewing the original manuscript and offering helpful suggestions for its improvement. Dr. G. R. Gamer of Clemson University photographed the larva (Fig. 1). Special thanks are due to my mother, Paralie Williams Peigler, who cared for growing larvae and emerging adults of the hybrids described in this paper during the summer when I was away on extended trips. Literature Cited BUSH, G. L. 1969. Sympatric host race formation and speciation in frugivcrous flies of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae). Evolution 23: 237-251. COCAULT, R., G. LECOCQ & R. VUATTOUX. 1980. Erforg einer Hybridation zwischen 19(2): 72-81, 1980(81) 81 Graellsia isabellae und Actias luna (Lep.: Attacidae). EntomoL Z. (Stuttgart) 90: 14-16. COLLINS, M. M. &P. M. TUSKES. 1979. Reproductive isolation in S3unpatric species of dayflying moths {Hemileuca: Satumiidae). Evolution 33: 728-733. COLLINS, M. M. & R. D. WEAST. 1961. Wild silk moths of the United States. Collins Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 138 pp. DOBZHANSKY, T. 1970. Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, xiii -f 505 pp. EHRLICH, P. R. & P. H. RAVEN. 1969. Differentiation of populations. Science 165: 1228-1232. FEENY, P. & J. M. SCRIBER. 1979. Growth of herbivorous caterpillars in relation to feeding specialization and to the growth form of their food plants. Ecology 60: 829-850. FERGUSON, D. c. 1972, Satumiidae (in part), Bombycoidea, in R. B. Dominick et al., The moths of America north of Mexico, fasc. 20, 2B: 155-275, col. pis. 12-22. FUTUYMA, D. J. & G. C. MAYER. 1980. Non-allopatric speciation in animals. Syst. Zool, 29: 254-271. GRULA, J. w. & 0. R. TAYLOR, Jr. 1980. Some characteristics of hybrids derived from the sulfur butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. philodice: phenotypic effects of the X-chromosome. Evolution 34: 673-687. GUPTA, M. L. & R. c. NARANG. 1980. Chromosome numbers, sex chromatin and sex chromosome mechanism in some satumiid moths of India. Entomon. 5: 13-18. HARBICH,H. 1976. Isolationsmechanismenund Arterhaltung im Genus Celerio (Lep., Sphingidae). EntomoL Z. (Stuttgart) 86: 33-42. LEWONTIN, R. c. 1974, The genetic basis of evolutionary change. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, xiii + 346 pp. LITTLEJOHN, M. J. 1969. The systematic significance of isolating mechanisms, pp. 459-482 in International Conference on Systematic Biology, Univ. of Michigan, 1967. Natl. Acad. Sci. Publ. 1692, 632 pp. OLIVER, c. G. 1978. Experimental hybridization between the nymphalid butterflies Phyciodes thaws and P. campestris montana. Evolution 32: 594-601. 1979. Experimental hybridization between Phyciodes thaws and P. batesi (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 33: 6-20. PEIGLER, R. s. 1976. Observations on host plant relationships and larval nutrition in Callosamia (Satumiidae). J, Lepid. Soc. 30: 184-187. 1977. Hybridization of Callosamia (Satumiidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 31: 23- 34. . 1978. Hybrids between Callosamia and Sarnia (Satumiidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 32: 191-197. PRIESNER, E. 1968. Die interspezifischen Wirkungen der Sexuallockstoffe der Satumiidae (Lepidoptera). Z. vergl. Physiol. 61: 263-297, 1 tabl. RAU, P. & N. L. RAU. 1929. The sex attraction and rhythmic periodicity in giant satumiid moths. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 26: 81-221, figs. 1-2. ROBINSON, R. 1971. Lepidoptera genetics. Pergamon Press, New York, 687 pp, SHAPIRO, A. M. 1978(1979). The assumption of adaptivity in genital morphology. J. Res. Lepid. 17: 68-72. TOLIVER, M. E., J. G. STERNBURG & G. P. WALDBAUER. 1979. Daily flight periods of male Callosamia pwmethea (Satumiidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 33: 232-238. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(2): 82-87, 1980(81) Canalization of the Phenotype of Nymphalis antiopa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from Subarctic and Montane Climates Arthur M. Shapiro Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 Abstract. Nymphalis antiopa from the montane Sierra Nevada of California respond phenotypically to pupal cold shock in a manner similar to lowland California antiopa and unlike subspecies hyperborea from Alaska. This could result from historical factors, gene flow, or canalization of the phenotype in the Sierran climate, which shows very wide diel temperature fluctuations but not the prolonged cool spells common in the Alaskan summer. The concept of canalization of development (Waddington, 1957) has been thoroughly assimilated into the evolutionary framework of modern biology. Like many other biological concepts deriving from seemingly impregnable Darwinian deduction, it has rarely been tested experimentally; although physiological adjustment in geographic populations is routinely demonstrated, developmental buffering is not. Shapiro (1981) attempted to test the hypothesis that canalization is adaptive to the physical environment, using the phenotypic response of the Mourning Cloak butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus) to pupal cold shock. It has been known for over a century that various species of the tribe Nymphalini respond to temperature shock by producing predictable, often very radical, pattern aberrations. In the most dramatic aberration of A^. antiopa, “hygiaea,” the yellow border is doubled in width, and the blue spots normally arranged in a row basad of it are entirely absent (Fig. 1). “Hygiaea” can be induced by a variety of treatments (Fischer, 1907; Standfuss, 1896). One treatment which is very efficacious at inducing it in near-sea-level Californian stock is exposure of 8-hr-old pupae to 2°C for 2 weeks. Shapiro (1981) reasoned that the subarctic subspecies N. a. hyperborea (Seitz), which has a relatively high probability of being chilled in the pupal stage, should be better buffered developmentally against cold than lowland Californian N. a. antiopa, which are assured of benign conditions in a Mediterranean climate. Treatment failed to produce any “hygiaea” among 53 Alaskan animals, vs. 31 among 157 lowland Californian ones. This is a highly significant difference (X^ = 12.28, p <0.005). Limitations on the interpretation of these results are spelled out by Shapiro (1981). 19(2): 82-87, 1980(81) 83 Fig. 1. Bred, cold-shocked Nymphalisantiopa. Left: Donner Pass, Sierra Nevada, normal (top) and “hygiaea” (center, brood 3; bottom, brood 4). Right: Vacaville, Solano County, lowland California, normal (top) and “hygiaea” (center); ssp. hyperborea, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1979 (bottom). N. antiopa occurs in California from sea-level to tree-line. Populations at high altitudes, like Alaskan ones, are likely to be chilled during develop- ment. The pattern of probable exposure differs radically between the two areas, however. Alaskan hyperborea are larvae in June-early July and pupae in mid- July (Fairbanks). They are likely to experience periods of cool, showery weather with temperatures between 40-50°F), but no frost. Such weather is almost impossible in the Sierra Nevada of California. At 7000 ft. (2100''’ m), antiopa are larvae in late July-early August, and pupae in mid-August. Afternoons are clear to partly cloudy with frequent highs of 84 J. Res. Lepid. 80°F (27°C), but nocturnal freezes are very common. Thus, Alaskan antiopa may develop in prolonged cool but not cold conditions, while Sierran ones are cold almost every night but warm almost every day. Summer monthly mean temperatures for Fairbanks, Alaska and Truckee, California are similar, but the diel ranges are very different (Tables 1,2). Since short exposures (less than 1 wk) to 2°C have little or no phenotypic effect on N. antiopa, and the full 2-wk exposure is required to obtain the full expression of “hygiaea,” it would not be surprising if Sierran antiopa were less well buffered against sustained low temperatures than Fairbanks hyperborea. This was tested experimentally in 1980. Five colonies of larvae were collected in the 3rd instar on willows {Salix spp.) at two Sierran localities: one from Martis Creek, near Truckee, Placer Co. (elevation about5600ft. = 1707 m), JulyS, 1980, and four from the east end of Donner Pass along U. S . Highway 40 east of Norden, Placer Co. (7000 ft. = 2134 m), August 7, 1980. Martis Creek is a sedgy swale Table 1. Comparisons of summer temperatures for Fairbanks, Alaska and Truckee, California for a sample year (1977). Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N. C. VALUES IN °F AND (IN PARENTHESES) °C Fairbanks* Truckee^ Variable June 77 July 77 Aug. 77 June 77 July 77 Aug. 77 68.8 73.7 73.2 77.4 80.7 81.6 mean daily maximum (20.4) (23.1) (22.9) (25.2) (27.0) (27.5) 50.4 51.9 52.0 42.1 41.8 44.5 mean daily minimum (10.2) (11.0) (11.1) ( 5.6) ( 5.4) ( 6.9) 59.6 62.8 62.6 59.8 61.3 63.1 mean daily temperature (15.3) (17.1) (17.0) (15.4) (16.3) (17.3) departure of mean daily T from long-range mean +0.6 +2.1 +7.2 +6.3 0 +3.4 daily T (+0.3) (+1.2) (+4.0) (+3.5) 0 (+1.9) number of nights with temperature below 40°F (4.4°C) 0 0 2 10 12 6 ‘Fairbanks Airport, 64°49' N, 147°52' W, elevation 436 ft. = 182.9 m. ^Truckee Ranger Station, 39°20' N, 120°11' W, elevation 5995 ft. = 1827.3 m. 19(2): 82^7, 1980(81) 85 Table 2. Freeze data for Fairbanks, Alaska and Tmckee, California. Station data as in Table 1. Source: NOAA. DATE OF LAST SPRING OCCURRENCE OF: 16°F (-8.9°C) 20° (-6.7) 24° (-4,4) 28° (-2.2) 32° (0) Fairbanks 1977 16.IV 29.rV 29.IV 29.IV lO.V Tmckee 1977 19.V 19.V 28.V 29.V ll.VI DATE OF FIRST FALL OCCURRENCE OF: 32°F (Q°C) 28° (-2.2) 24° (-4.4) 20° (-6.7) 16° (-8.9) Fairbanks 1977 4.IX LX l.X 13.X 16.X Tmckee 1977 5.Vn 21.IX 22.IX 7.XI 9.XI NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN LAST SPRING AND FIRST FALL OCCURRENCE OF: 16° (-8.9) 20° (-6.7) 24° (-4.4) 28° (-2.2) 32° (0) Fairbanks 1977 183 167 155 155 117 Tmckee 1977 174 172 117 115 24 running through Great Basin shrub desert {Artemisia, Purshia). The Donner site is mesic-montane and receives a very heavy winter snowpack. Both populations are univoltine. The two sites are about 12 mi (19.3 km) apart. Martis Creek receives cold air drainage at night and is both hotter by day and colder by night than Donner Pass. Tmckee Ranger Station (5995 ft. = 1827 m) provides a weather station intermediate in climate and elevation between them. The Martis Creek colony was reared to maturity on English Elm, Ulmus procera (Ulmaceae). This tree became unavailable by August due to defoliation by beetle larvae, and the four Donner broods were reared instead on Hackberry, Celtis sinensis (Ulmaceae). All rearing was under continuous light at 25°C. Eight-hr pupae were refrigerated in the dark at 2°C, held for 14 days, and returned to 25°C. Larval mortality was negligible m all broods. Pupal mortality was very heavy in refrigerated groups from all broods, and exceeded 75% overall. Such heavy mortality is unusual. Moreover, chilled animals usually die as pharkte adults, which can be scored for phenotype; in these broods most mortality occurred before wing pigmen- tation was laid down. Celtis is an unusual host, but the very poor survivorship of the Martis Creek brood, reared on Ulmus, argues against it as a major cause of pupal mortality; it seems that Sierran antiopa are poorly protected physiologically against long chilling in the pupa, even compared to lowland Californian ones. 86 J. Res. Lepid. Results and Discussion Phenotypic sensitivity paralleled pupal mortality: seven “hygiaea” were produced among 61 scorable Donner animnals (Table 3). This is not significantly different from 31/157 from lowland California {Z^ = 1.72, 0.2 50 >p >0.1 00) but is more unlike 0/53 from Alaska = 6.23, 0.025>p>0.010). Most suggestively, all four Donner broods gave at least one “hygiaea” each, just as 12/13 lowland Californian broods reared in past years have done. Neither of the 1979 Alaskan broods produced even one individual transitional to “hygiaea.” The very small Martis Creek emergence does not significantly affect the statistical comparisons. Alaskan hyperhorea exaggerate their subspecific characters when chilled. The same modifications were seen in both Martis and Donner antiopa. They were often quite marked in animals scored “normal” for purposes of this analysis. Sierran animalss also resembled Alaskan ones in size (mean LFW: lowland CA, 37 mm; Sierra Nevada, 30.3 mm; Fairbanks, 29.0 mm). Unlike hyperhorea, Sierran experimentals often showed slight modifica- tions in the direction of “hygiaea”; almost all of Donner brood 3 showed them. Several other odd phenotypes were obtained in the chilled Sierran antiopa: one animal each in Donner 1 and Martis had the wings thinly scaled, and the Martis individual also had the blue spots oddly shaped and arranged, and of a violet color. One individual in Donner 2 had the hindwings symmetrically falcate. This variability in chilled Sierran antiopa contrasts with both the unchilled controJs and with wild-collected material. In a series of about 3 dozen from Donner Pass, Truckee, and nearby Sagehen Creek the phenotype is quite uniform: the size is larger (mean LFW 34.5 mm), there is a slight increase in black in the borders relative to lowland specimens, and the blue spots may be slightly enlarged, especially on the hindwing. The increased black scaling in the borders is duplicated in both control and experimental Sierran broods, increased in the latter. Certain other temperature treatments favor increased blue spotting in both European (Standfuss, 1896) and lowland Californian (Shapiro, unpublished) antiopa. Sierran antiopa thus behave like lowland Californian ones with respect to the major aberration “hygiaea,” but in other responses to chilling they are intermediate in response between lowland Californian and Alaskan broods, and more variable than either. The “hygiaea” response can be accounted for in at least three ways. Two of these imply lack of adaptation to local climate: phylogenetic inertia (recent common ancestry of lowland and Sierran antiopa) and gene flow (constant or intermittent). There are no data bearing directly on either. The species is highly dispersive, and occurs locally from the coast across the Sierra in riparian habitats. Differences in the phenotypes of chilled lowland and Sierran animals argue for some degree of differentiation among the populations. The third hypothesis specifically invokes local climatic adaptation. The dissimilarity 19(2): 82-87, 1980(81) 87 Table 3. Results of temperature-shock experiments with Nymphalis antiopa from the Sierra Nevada of California. Normal Normal Hygiaea Hygiaea Unscorable Brood, source live dead live dead dead Total Donner Pass #1 experimental 18 0 1 0 53 72 control 10 0 0 0 0 10 Donner Pass #2 experimental 18 1 2 1 45 67 control 10 0 0 0 0 10 Donner Pass #3 experimental 14' 1 2 0 57 74 control 10 0 0 0 0 10 Donner Pass #4 experimental 2 0 1 0 23 26 control 8 0 0 0 2 10 Martis Creek experimental 22 4 0 0 11 17 control 5 0 0 0 0 5 Totals experimental 54 6 6 1 189 256 control Total Reared: 43 0 0 0 2 45 301 ^most individuals show definite “hygiaea” tendencies. ^includes one thinly scaled and otherwise aberrant animal (see text). of Alaskan and Sierran animals could reflect the different temperature regimes and local adaptation to them, but until considerably more is known of the ecology and genetics of this butterfly it is not possible to distinguish among these three hypotheses. Despite its abundance, the Mourning Cloak is rather poorly known biologically (Young, 1980). Acknowledgements: I thank Marc Minno, Michael Collins, and James W. Beever m for assistance and Wanda Reynolds and Carol Erickson for discussion. Literature Cited FISCHER, E. 1907. Zur Physiologie der Aberrationen- und Varietaten- Bildung der Schmetterlmge. Archiv fur Rassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie 4(6): 761-793. SHAPIRO, A. M. 1981. Phenotypic plasticity in temperate and subarctic Nymphalis antiopa (Nymphalidae): evidence for adaptive canalization. J. Lepid. Soc. 34: (in press). STANDFUSS, M. 1896. Handbuch der palaarktiscken Gross-Schmetteriinge furForscher und Sammler. G. Fischer, Jena. 392 pp. WADDINGTON, c. H. 1957. The Strategy of the Genes. Allen and Unwin, London. 262 pp. YOUNG, A. M. 1980. Some observations on the natural history and behaviour of the Camberwell Beauty (Mourning Cloak) Butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus), in the United States. Entomol. Gazette 31: 7-18. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(2): 88-95, 1980(81) Aberrant New Mexican Butterflies Richard Holland 1625 Roma, N.E., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA Abstract. Photographs of aberrant Plebejus acmon texanus, Euphilotes rita rita, Speyria atlantis dorothea, Phyciodes campestris Camillas, Strymon melinus franki, Thessalia theona thekla, Eyphydryas anicia alena and Hesperia pahaska pahaska are shown. Limenitis astyanax arizonensis ab. doudorffi is illustrated and discussed as an arizonensis X L. weidemeyerii angustifascia hybrid. Over the 18 seasons (1964-1981) I have collected in New Mexico (Holland, 1974), it is inevitable I would encounter a number of aberrant specimens. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the more unusual New Mexican forms collected. Figure 1 shows a male Plebejus acmon texanus Goodpasture with radically abnormal black markings on the ventral wing surfaces. This specimen was taken at a moist spot in a shady side canyon near Mayhill, NM, at the confluence of Cox Canyon and Wills Canyon. The dorsal surface of this specimen is normal. A number of other small blues were present at this same moist spot; when they were disturbed and took flight, the illustrated specimen immediately gave an appearance quite different from anything in my previous experience. A typical specimen is shown for comparison in Figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates a normal female Euphilotes rita rita (B. & McD.) and a specimen with the ventral forewing (YFW) postmedial black spots in cells Ml and M2 markedly displaced distally so they fuse with the submarginal spots. The two specimens in Figure 2 were taken in a series of 20 (lOcTcf and 1099); none of the others exhibited the displaced postmedian spots. The abnormality of the specimen in Figure 2 was not apparent until after capture. The dorsal surface of this specimen is normal. Leeuw (1979) has recently figured a specimen of Satyrium acadica acadica (Edwards) which is remarkably similar to the aberrant P. acmon texanus shown here in Figure 1. On the basis of three examples in three different species, one could speculate that lycaenids may have a tendancy towards atypical expression of the postmedial and submarginal spots ventrally. Figure 3 illustrates male and female Speyeria atlantis dorothea Moeck which show grossly enlarged silvering of the basal part of the ventral Not refereed 19(2): 88-95, 1980(81) 89 Fig. 1. Plebejus acmon texanus ventral surface: Top, normal 27 Aug. 75, Curtis Canyon Dam, Sacramento Mts., nr. MayhiU, Otero Co., NM, 6600' (2000 m), leg. R. Holland. Bottom, aberrant cf, 20 May 75, confluence of Cox Canyon and Wills Canyon, Sacramento Mts., nr. Mayhill, Otero Co., NM, 6500' (2000 m), leg. R. Holland. Fig. 2. Euphilotes rita rita ventral surfaces: Top, aberrant 9, Bottom, normal 9, both specimens 1 Sept. 80, 1 mi. E. of Organ, San Augustin Pass, Organ Mts., Dona Ana Co., NM, 5500' (1650 m), leg. R. Holland & J. McCaffrey. hindwing (VHW), This figure also shows normal specimens for comparison. The aberrant specimens were taken 14 days and five miles (eight km) apart. It is thus doubtful, but not impossible, they were from the same brood. Of some 50 other dorothea taken during 1966-68 on Mt. Taylor, NM, no other aberrant examples appeared, nor have I ever seen a similarly silvered atlantis (Edwards) of any subspecies from elsewhere. Due to the double occurrence of this aberration, it is tempting to attribute its cause to some recessive allele which is present with very low frequency in the Mt. Taylor population of dorothea. Jn flight, such specimens were not distinguishably abnormal, nor are their dorsal surfaces. Figures 4. and -5. show what is probably an extreme melanic of Phyciodes campestrk camillm Edwards, although the specimen may be Phyciodes mylitta arizonemis Bauer. (Both species were present in numbers at the time and place that this specimen was captured.) Note that even the 90 J. Res. Lepid. forewing shape is abnormal. Instead of having the usual convex or straight outer margin, this specimen has the margin slightly concave at Cui. The specimen is a male. A normal P. campestris camillus is also shown in these figures. Figures 4 and 5 also show a normal male Strymon melinus franki Field and a male of the form which has been called meinersi Gunder. In this form, the normally orange-red ''thecla spot” in cell Cu2 on both surfaces of the hindwing is pale yellow. The usual orange-red marking at the anal angle is also pale yellow, as well as reduced in area. (In the specimen illustrated, a part of the anal angle has been lost from both wings, especially the right.) Fig. 3. Speyeria atlantis dorothea ventral surfaces: Top left, normal cT, 19 July 68, 1 mi. S. of La Mosca Outlook, Mt. Taylor, Valencia Co., NM, 10,300' (3150 m), leg. R. Holland. Top right, normal 9, 16 July 66, San Mateo Spr., San Mateo Canyon, Mt. Taylor, Valencia Co., NM, 8800' (2700 m), leg. R. HoUand. Bottom left, aberrant cT, 30 July 66, Tapia Canyon, Mt. Taylor, Valencia Co., NM, 9300' (2850 m), leg. R. Holland. Bottom right, aberrant 9, 16 July 66, La Mosca Canyon, Mt. Taylor, Valencia Co., NM, 9800' (3000 m), leg. R. Holland. 19(2): 88-95, 1980(81) 91 Fig. 4. Dorsal surfaces, all specimens except as noted leg. R. Holland: Upper left, normal d‘ , Phyciodes campestris camillus, 18 Aug. 68, 1 mi. W. of New Canyon C. G., Manzano Mts., Torrance Co., NM, 8200' (2500 m). Left next to top, extreme aberration cT, Phyciodes campestris camillus (?), same data as specimen above. Left next to bottom, normal cT, Strymon melinus franki, 30 July 68, 2 mi. S. of New Canyon C. G., Manzano Mts., Torrance Co., NM, 7400' (2250 m). Bottom left, aberration meinersi cf, Strymon melinus franki, 3 mi. W. of Sanostee, Chuska Mts., San Juan Co., NM, 5500' (1650 m). (continued on page 95) 92 J. Res. Lepid. Oddly, the meinersi specimen has the postmedian band inwardly suffused with the normal melinus (Huebner) orange-red on the VHW, although the amount of suffusion is greatly reduced. The VFW postmedian line suffusion on the meinersi specimen is completely absent. Similarly, the meinersi specimen has the tip of the antenna club a normal melinus orange - red. In addition to the figured specimen, I have a female meinersi taken in poor condition at New Canyon, 7400' (2300 m), Manzano Mts., Torrance Co., NM, 30 July 68, leg. R. Holland. Normal melinus may have the abdomen either grey or with the last four segments orange-red. The figured meinersi has a grey abdomen; the unfigured meinersi has the last four abdominal segments dorsally white. In April, 1974, at Alamo Canyon, near Alamogordo, NM, there was a great population explosion of Thessalia theona thekla (Edwards). Figures 4 and 5 also show a female taken at this time with the normal theona (Menetries) pattern almost completely obliterated. The normal form is also illustrated. The complete brown occlusion of the normal VHW basal, medial and marginal pearlish bands is especially striking. The marginal pearlish band normally present on the VFW is similarly occluded. Typically, the dorsal surface of theona thekla is tricolored: chocolate, light fulvous and dark fulvous, with each color fairly sharply delineated. In the aberrant specimen, the chocolate and dark fulvous are not at all sharply delineated, and the light fulvous is completely absent except for a row of submarginal smudges on the forewing. The usual ventral theona thekla pattern is also tricolored: chocolate, dark fulvous and pearl, with the pearl bands sharply set off into rectangular spots by chocolate scaling on the veins. In this specimen, however, there is almost no pearl ventrally, and certainly no hint of chocolate scaling on the veins. In normal theona thekla, the ventral surface is not a particularly close replica of the dorsal surface. However, the two surfaces are quite alike in this aberration. No other theona thekla aberrations were seen in this population explosion. Figures 4 and 5 additionally illustrate a female Euphydryas anicia alena Barnes & Benjamin with the following abnormalities: the apex of both surfaces of the forewings are unusually blackened; the usual transverse basal and discal DFW and DHW black markings are absent; and the medial and basal markings of the VHW are peculiar in having elongated pearly spots, especially in cells SC and Cu2. Euphydryas species in general appear to produce more frequent aberrant individuals than most other genera, e.g., the forms figured in Comstock (1927). Indeed, I have another aberrant alena from the same place. Normal alena is given in this figure as well. Finally, Figures 4 and 5 illustrate a male of what has been called Limenitis astyanax arizonensis ab. doudoroffi (Gunder). Perkins and Garth (1972) assert that the entity is almost certainly a hybrid between L. weidemeyerii Edwards and L. astyanax (Fabricus). 19(2): 88-95, 1980(81) 93 Neither astyanax nor weidemeyerii are frequently encountered in the Sacramento Mts. of southeastern New Mexico. Small L. astyanax arizonensis colonies exist in at least two riparian canyons (Alamo Canyon and Three Rivers Canyon) on the west slope of this range around 5500 to 6500' (1700 to 2000 m). The Three Rivers location is also the source of the subject doudoroffi specimen. Limenitis weidemeyerii is even rarer in the Sacramentos; I have a single specimen taken near the summit of Sierra Blanca at 11,000' (3300 m), about five miles (eight km) firom where the sub- ject specimen was captured. The single Sieira Blanca weidemeyerii specimen appears to be ssp. angustifascia (B. & McD.), although Perkins and Perkins (1975) indicate the Sacramento Mts. to be closer to the known range of typical weidemeyerii. (Evidently Perkins and Perkins (1975) had very scant Sacramento Mts. weidemeyerii available. In any event, my single weidemeyerii specimen forms an uncertain basis for determining which subspecies inhabits the Sacramento Mts. so tenaciously.) Perkins and Garth (1972) illustrate an example of doudoroffi from the Allen Hancock Foundation (AHF), and mention the existence of three other specimens, one in the Los Angeles County Museum (LACM), one taken by Bauer, and the type taken by M. Doudoroff.All four of these specimens are from Arizona, where the weidemeyerii subspecies would unquestionably be angustifascia, the same subspecies which appears to exist in the area where this doudoroffi specimen was taken. The present specimen differs only in very minor ways from that illustrated by Perkins and Garth: On the DFW it has only two, not three or four subapical white spots; and the whitish median band on the VFW anterior to M2 is more expressed. Perkins and Garth indicate that their doudoroffi specimen, like the one illustrated here, has furruginous scales suffusing the apex of the VFW. Tliey maintain that, in this trait, it resembles astyanax arizonensis, and that in weidemeyerii angustifascia the corresponding suffusion is black. However, my Sierra Blanca weidemeyerii has the area suffused with ferruginous scaling as extensively as the doudoroffi. Indeed, approximately half the weidemeyerri I have seen from New Mexico have at least some ferruginous scaling in this area, although the Sierra Blanca specimen is the most extensively so scaled. Hybridization among Limenitis species is widely documented; see, for example, Shapiro and Biggs (1968), Perkins and Gage (1970), Gage (1970), Hovanitz (1949), Simpson and Pettus (1976), and Platt, Rawson and Balogh (1978), Due to the extreme scarcity of both weidemeyerii and astyanax in the Sacramento Mts.', it is easy to postulate a female of one species accepting courtship from the most nearly eligible male to be found — even if that male was of the other species. In any event, I am fully convinced that the question mark of Perkins and Garth (1972) can now be removed, and ab. doudoroffi can be recognized as a weidemeyerii X 94 J. Res. Lepid. astyanax arizonensis hybrid. Such recognition is, of course, without nomenclatorial significance, because aberration and hybrid names do not have code standing. After the initial submission of this article, a very baffling female Hesperia was captured on the south slope of the Capitan Mts. in Lincoln Co., NM. The entire VHW of this specimen, which is shown in Figure 6, is immaculate — a condition not characteristic of any Hesperia. At the same time and place, Hesperia pahaska pahaska Leussler (common) and H. uncas uncos Edwards (occasional) were flying. Hesperia viridis (Edwards) had been taken nearby earlier in the season. The aberrant specimen was immediately recognizable as peculiar in the field. In fact, I first missed a sitting shot while the insect was nectaring at a thistle. Upon returning to the same thistle four hours later, I was rewarded by finding the striking Figure 6 Hesperia pahaska pahaska ventral surfaces: Top, aberrant pahaska (?) 9, 26 July 80, Peppin Canyon, S. slope, Capitan Mts., nr. Capi- tan, Lincoln Co., NM, 7000' (2150 m), leg. R. Holland. Middle, intermediate pahaska 9, 14 June 80, road S. of Capi- tan Gap at National Forest boundary, Capitan Mts., Lin- coln Co., NM, 6500' (2000 m), leg. R. Holland. Bottom, normal pahaska 9, 27 July 80, Pierce Canyon, S. slope Capitan Mts., nr. Capitan, Lin- coln Co., NM, 6300' (1900 m), leg. R. Holland. I 19(2): 88-95, 1980(81) 95 Hesperia had also returned. Later examination of H p. pahaska from this locality revealed a female specimen with VHW markings greatly reduced, but not completely missing. It is on the basis of this intermediate specimen and the general abundance of pahaska in the area that I concluded the immaculate specimen is probably also pahaska. The intermediate speci- men and a typical pahaska female are also illustrated in Figure 6. Literature Cited COMSTOCK, J. A., 1927. Butterflies of California. Published by the author, Los Angeles. 334 pp. GAGE, E. V., 1970. A record of a naturally occurring Limemtis hybrid (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 24(4): 270. HOLLAND, R., 1974. Butterflies of six central New Mexico mountains with notes of Callophrys (Sandia) macfarlandi (Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 28(1): 38-52. HOVANTTZ, w., 1949. Increasing variability in populations following natural hybridi- zation, pp. 339-355. In Jepson, Mayr, & Simpson (eds.) Genetics, Paleontology, & Evolution. Princeton Univ. Press, 474 pp. LEEUW, L, 1979. Aberrant Satyrium a. acadica (Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 33(3): 204-205. PERKINS, E. M. & E. V. GAGE, 1970(1971). On the occurrence of Limenitis archippus X L. lorquini hybrids (Nymphalidae). J. Res. Lepid. 9(4): 223-226. PERKINS, E. M. & J. s. GARTH, 1972(1973). Limenitis weidemeyerii angustifascia X L. astyanax arizonensis = (?) ab. doudoroffi (Gunder), 1934. J. Res. Lepid. 11(4): 229-234. PERKINS, S. F. & E. M. PERKINS, 1975. The Subfamily Limenitinae. In: Butterflies of North America, (ed. by Howe, W.). Doubleday & Company, New York, xiii + 633 p. + 97 pi. PLATT, A. P., G. w. RAWSON & G. BALOGH, 1978. Interspecific hybridization involving Limenitis archippus and its congeneric species (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 32(4): 289-303. SHAPIRO, A. M. & J. D. BIGGS, 1968(1970). A Limenitis hybrid from New York. J. Res. Lepid. 7(3): 149-152. SIMPSON, R. G. & D. PETTUS, 1976. Records of Limenitis hybrids from Colorado. J. Res. Lepid. 15(3): 163-168. ( continued from page 91 ) Upper right, Limenitis astyanax arizonensis aberration doudoroffi = L. weidemeyerii X L. astyanax arizonensis cf, 23 June 75, Three Rivers C. G., nr. Carrizozo, Sacramento Mts., Lincoln Co., NM, 6500' (2000m). Center, normal 9, Thessalia theona thekla, 30 Apr. 74, W. slope of San Augustin Pass, 18 mi. E. of Las Cruces, Organ Mts., Dona Ana Co., NM, c. 5500' (1650 m), leg. G. S. Forbes. Bottom middle, aberrant 9, Thessalia theona thekla, 28 Apr. 74, Alamo Canyon, nr. Alamogordo, Sacramento Mtjs., Otero Co., NM, 5500' (1650 m). Middle right, normal 9, Euphydryas anicia alena, 16 May 76, Grasshopper Spr., nr. Ramah, Zuni Mts., McKinley Co., NM, 7500' (2300 m). Bottom right, aberration 9, Euphydryas anicia alena, same data as specimen above. Fig. 5. Ventral surfaces of specimens in Fig. 4. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(2): 96-100, 1980(81) Diapause in Various Populations of Pieris napi L. from Different Parts of the British Isles E. Lees and D. M. Archer Postgraduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, W. Yorks, England Diapause has been defined (Beck, 1967) as a genetically determined state of suppressed development, the manifestation of which may be induced by environmental factors. It follows, therefore, that different, geographically isolated populations of a butterfly should have different assemblages of genes determining diapause and hence should show a somewhat different diapause response to the same environmental condi- tions. The phase of development in which Pieris napi L. undergoes diapause is the pupal phase. Whether or not an individual undergoes pupal diapause depends in part on the photoperiod and temperature en- countered during late larval life (Danilevskii, 1961). This, in turn, determines whether a particular population of the species is monovoltine or polyvoltine. P. napi is usually regarded as being partially bivoltine in the British Isles (Lees and Archer, 1974), but this statement hardly does justice to the complex situation which prevails over the country as a whole. Colonies of P. napi which are strictly monovoltine are known (Lees, 197 0) and these are usually found at altitudes of 800 feet or more in Northern England and Scotland. Elsewhere in the British Isles the species is at least partially bivoltine or even partially trivoltine. It should be noted, however, that even in those parts of the country where there is a second and third brood, a significant part of the pupae derived from the spring generation are diapause pupae and do not develop into butterflies until the following year. In order to learn more of the diapause characteristics of Pieris napi in different parts of the British Isles, we sampled spring populations of the species from various localities ranging from Teignmouth in S. Devon to Dollar in Scotland, although the majority of samples were from popula- tions in N. England (c.f. Fig. 1). Eggs from the captured females were kept in plastic boxes until they hatched and the resultant larvae were maintained under controlled conditions of photoperiod and temperature until they pupated. The larvae were fed on the leaves of Hedge Garlic iAlliaria petiolata)^ a common foodplant of this species in the field. 19(2): 96-100, 1980(81) 97 The photoperiod chosen for the experiments was 18 hours, which is a “long-day’' photoperiod, similar to the daylength of the longest day over much of England. The larvae were reared at two temperatures viz. 18 degrees C and 12 degrees C. The former is similar to the mean maximum of the warmest month in S. England, the latter is similar to the mean maximum of the warmest month at altitudes of 1000 feet in N. England and Scotland. The numbers and percentages of diapause and non-diapause pupae obtained in the various experiments are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Experiments at 18 Kfr. Photoperiod and 18 De^ees C Locality Elevation (M.) Offspring of Female No. of Diapause Pupae Produced Among Progeny No. of Non-Diapause Pupae Produced Among Progeny Dollar 48 1 5 (19.2%) 21 (80.8%) Dollar 48 2 6 (16.6%) 30 (83.4%) Dollar 48 3 8 (23.5%) 26 (76.6%) Dollar 48 4 6 (14.0%) 42 (86.0%) Bellingham 122 1 8 (16.6%) 40 (83.4%) BeUingham 122 2 6 (14.3%) 36 (85.7%) Bellingham 122 3 6 ( 8.7%) 39 (91.3%) Bellingham 122 4 4 (18.2%) 18 (81.8%) High Force 381 1 7 (15.5%) 38 (84.6%) Ifigh Force 381 2 8 (16.6%) 40 (83.4%) High Force 381 3 9 (20.9%) 36 (79.1%) Ihgh Force 381 4 4 (16.0%) 21 (84.0%) Amside 15 1 6 (17.6%) 38 (82.4%) Amside 15 2 2 ( 6.9%) 27 (93.1%) ^^side 15 3 3 (10.4%) 25 (89.6%) SU’ensaU 16 1 6 (14.3%) 36 (85.7%) Strensall 16 2 3 (10.8%) 25 (89.2%) Strensall 16 3 4 (11.8%) 30 (88.2%) SteensaU 16 4 2 ( 6.6%) 28 (93.4%) Menston 48 1 3 (13.1%) 20 (86.9%) Menston 48 2 2 ( 7.3%) 25 (92.7%) Menston 48 3 2 ( 8.7%) 23 (91.3%) Menston 48 4 4 (11.8%) 30 (88.2%) Nantmch 30 1 2 ( 8.7%) 22 (91.3%) Nantwich 30 2 1 ( 4.0%) 24 (96.0%) Nantwich 30 3 3 ( 7.9%) 36 (92.1%) Teignmouth 8 1 2 ( 6.7%) 28 (93.3%) Teignmouth 8 2 4 (11.8%) 30 (88.2%) Teignmouth 8 3 3 ( 7.7%) 36 (92.3%) Teignmouth 8 4 2 ( 6.4%) 29 (93.6%) 98 J. Res. Lepid. Table 2 Experiments at 18 Hr. Photoperiod and 12 Degrees C Locality Elevation (M.) Offspring of Female No. of Diapause Pupae Produced Among Progeny No. of Non-Diapause Pupae Produced Among Progeny Dollar 48 1 31 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Dollar 48 2 43 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Dollar 48 3 19 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Dollar 48 4 25 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Bellingham 122 1 23 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Bellingham 122 2 37 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Bellingham 122 3 24 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Bellingham 122 4 36 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) High Force 381 1 20 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) High Force 381 2 34 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) High Force 381 3 31 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) High Force 381 4 28 (100%) 0 ( 0.0%) Amside 15 1 24 (88.8%) 3 (11.2%) Amside 15 2 48 (85.7%) 8 (14.3%) Amside 15 3 30.(83.3%) 6 (16.7%) Amside 15 4 20 (77.0%) 6 (23.0%) Strensall 15 1 21 (91.3%) 2 ( 8.7%) Strensall 15 2 27 (90.0%) 3 (10.0%) Strensall 15 3 50 (89.4%) 6 (10.6%) Menston 48 1 22 (84.6%) 4 (15.4%) Menston 48 2 40 (85.1%) 7 (14.9%) Menston 48 3 42 (89.4%) 5 (10.6%) Nantwich 30 1 20 (80.0%) 5 (20.0%) Nantwich 30 2 37 (83.4%) 7 (16.6%) Nantwich 30 3 39 (81.4%) 8 (18.6%) Teignmouth 8 1 29 (82.9%) 6 (17.1%) Teignmouth 8 2 39 (79.6%) 10 (20.4%) Teignmouth 8 3 32 (80.0%) 8 (20.0%) Teignmouth 8 4 21 (81.6%) 5 (18.5%) From the results given in Table 1 it is obvious that larvae from all localities, maintained at a temperature of 18 degrees C and 18 hrs photoperiod, produced some pupae which were diapause and some which were non-diapause. In all cases the numbers of non-diapause pupae greatly exceeded the numbers of diapause pupae, but the percentages of non- diapause pupae were highest in the population from S. England (Teignmouth) and from locahties in N. England at low altitudes. It is reasonable to infer that at a temperature of 18 degrees C, populations of P. napi would be overwhelmingly bivoltine, although in all the localities we 19(2): 96-100, 1980(81) 99 have sampled at least some genotypes for monovoltinism are present. Hus temperature is above the mean temperature of the wairmest month in any part of the British Isles, so that populations in nature are likely to be somewhat less bivoltine than the experimental data suggests. The results in Table 2 indicate that larvae maintained at the lower temperature of 12 degrees C behave very differently from those at 18 degrees C, in the extent to which they yield diapause puape. Larvae from Aree localities (High Force, Bellingham and Dollar) gave no non-diapause pupae under these conditions and those from other localities did not give more than 20% non-diapause pupae. Once again the percentages of non- diapause pupae were highest in the population from S. England (Teignmouth), and the populations which behave in a strictly monovoltine fashion are those from high altitudes in N. England and from Scotland. The experimental data is therefore in agreement with what is observed in nature viz. the occurrence of monovoltine colonies in localities where the summer temperatures are low. Our findings suggest that populations of P. napi show a physiological cline in relation to the tendency of their larvae to give diapause pupae as one moves from north to south in the British Isles. Northern populations are more prone to give diapause pupae than southern ones and there is a weU-defined gradient wiMi extremes at Dollar in Scotland and Teignmouth in S. England. This physiological dine is accompanied by a phenotypic ^adient. The female butterflies from Scotland and the extreme north of England have much darker veining to the wings and a proportion of them have a ground colour which is some shade of yellow instead of white. These tendencies, which are more marked in the -spring brood, become prop*es- sively less evident as one moves from north to south. Warren (1968) has suggested that the northern forms of P. napi should be regarded as foming a distinct subspecies P. napi thomsord Warren, and Thomson (1970) has described the distribution of the latter. It is obvious from Thomson’s account that the phenotypes he describes constitute a dine. Literature Cited ffiCK, s. D. 1968. Insect Photoperiodism. New York and London. DAMLEVSKn, A. s. 1961. Photoperiodism and Seasonal Development of Insects. Leningrad. LEES, E. & D. M. ARCHER. 1974. Ecology of Pieris napi (L.). (Lep. Pieridae) in Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz. 25: 231-237. I.BES, E. 1970. A univoltine race of Heris napi in the Yorkshire Pennines, Entomolo- gist, 103: 260-262. IHOMSON, G. 1970. The diefeibution and nature of Pieris napi thomsoni WaiTen (Lep. Pieridae). Entomologist’s Record 82: 255-261. WARREN, B. c. s. 1968. On an instable race of Pieris adalwinda, located in Scotland. Entomologist’s Record 80: 299-304. 100 J. Res. Lepid. Fig. 1. Locations of sampled P. napi populations. 1 - EloUar; 2 - Bellingham; 3 - ffigh Force; 4 - Amside; 5 - StrensaU; 6 - Menston; 7 - Nantwich; 8 - Teignmouth. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Manuscript Format: Two copies must be submitted (xeroxed or carbon papered), double-spaced, typed, on 8V2 x 11 inch paper with wide margins. Number all pages consecutively and put author’s name at top right corner of each page. If your typewriter does not have italic type, underline all words where italics are intended. Footnotes, although discouraged, must be typed on a separate sheet. Do not hyphenate words at the right margin. All measurements must be metric, with the exception of altitudes and distances which should include metric equivalents in parenthesis. Time must be cited on a 24-hour basis, standard time. Abbreviations must follow common usage. Dates should be cited as example: 4. IV. 1979 (day-arabic numberal; month-Roman numeral; year- arabic numeral). Numerals must be used before measurements (5mm) or otherwise up to number ten e.g. (nine butterflies, 12 moths). Title Page: All papers must have the title , author’s name, author’s address, and any titular reference and institutional approval reference, all on a separate title page. A family citation must be given in parenthesis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) for referencing. Abstracts and Short Papers: All papers exceeding two typed pages must be ac- companied by an abstract of no more than 300 words. An additional summary is not required. 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The term “plate” should not be used. Each illustration should be identified as to author and title on the back, and should indicate whether the illustration be returned. Legends should be separately typed on pages entitled “Explanation of Figures”. Number legends consecutively with separate paragraph for each page of illustrations. Do not attach to illustrations. Retain original illustrations until paper finally accepted. Review: All papers will be read by the editor(s) & submitted for formal review to two referees. Authors are welcome to suggest reviewers, and if received, submit name & comments of reviewers. THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON THE LEPIJOOPTERA Volume 19 Number 2 m THIS ISSUE Date of Publication: September 7, 1981 Nantucket Fine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, Countv, California: Integrated Control and moiogicai Notes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) lennis M. Poore Moths of I^rth America North of Mexico, Supplemental literaiure: 1 C. E. Riotte Acknowledgement Demonstration of Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms in Callosapiia (Satumiidae) by Artificial Hybridization lard S. Peigler Canalization of ti^e Phenotype of Nymphalis antiopa (LepidoptergiNNymphalidae) from Subarctic and Montane Climatel Arthur M. Aberrant New Mexic^Butterflies Richard Holland Diapause in Variods Populations of Pieris napi L. from Different Paks of the British Isles E. Leei D. M. Archer Cover Illustration Pen and ink rendering of C. securifera c? X C. promethea ^Ly Robin Jarrett of Los Angeles, CA. See R. Peigler article, page 72. ’ 72 Volume 19 Number 3 1980(81) THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON THE LEFIJOORTERA Published By: The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc. c/o Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road Santa Barbara, California 93105 Founder: William Hovanitz Editorial Staff: Associate Editors: Rudolf H, T. Mattoni, Editor Lorraine L. Rothman, Managing Editor ^ i* Scott E. Miller, Assistant Editor Thomas Emmel, U.S.A. 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There are no bond holders, mortgages, or other security holders. ,^'6RAR!ES Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) A Revision of the American Genus Amsoto (Satumiidae) J. C. E. Riotte Department of Entomology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 and Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada MSS 2C6 and Richard S. Peigler Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 Introduction Michener (1952) revised the Satumiidae of the Western Hemisphere at the generic level, but except for occasional mention of species, these were not treated. Recent discovery of new species of the genus Anisota Huebner in Ontario, Texas, South Carolina, and Mexico made it desirable to do research into the morphology of all related species, and as no details have been published about the adults and immature stages of all the North and Central American species of Anisota since Packard (1905) and Bouvier (1931), it seemed advisable to summarize our Imowledge in this paper. Higher Classification The genus Anisota belongs to the moth family Satumiidae belonging to the superfamily Bombycoidea which also includes Lasiocampidae and Bombycidae (Ferguson, 1971). The correct subfamily name has been, and continues to be, disputed. Lemaire (1976) indicated that Adelocephalinae, Boisduval 1868, is the correct name. Earlier authors used other names such as Diyocampinae, Ceratocampinae, and Syssphing- inae. The name Citheroniinae has had wide usage, even in recent works (Michener, 1952; Ferguson, 1971). The subfamily has frequently been elevated to family rank under the various names throughout much of the literature (i.e., Citheroniidae, Syssphingidae). Whether considered a family or subfamily, the group is clearly a monophyletic assemblage. It is one of the more primitive subfamilies of Satumiidae ’and is exclusively New World in distribution. Most genera and species are neotropical; Anisota is in fact, the only predominantly nearctic genus of the subfamily, excepting the allied Dryocampa Harris. Michener (1952) and Ferguson (197 1) characterized the subfamily morphologically — it is our purpose from here on to deal only with the genus Anisota. As the lists of synonyms indicate, species of Anisota have often appeared in the literature under several generic names (Adelocephala, Dryocampa, etc.). Fortunately however, the name Anisota has rarely been applied to species which are not tme Anisota, an exception being the Brazilian Psigida apollinairei (Dognin) which Grote (1867) redesciibed as Anisota walkeri. Michener (1952) subdivided the genus Anisota into two subgenera: Dryocampa and Anisota, the characters of which may be found in Table 9 of his paper. Ferguson (197 1), however, pointed out correctly that the one species belonging to Dryocampa 102 J. Res. Lepid. “seems quite far removed from all the species of Anisota” He therefore elevated Dryocampa to generic rank in which the present authors follow him, especially because of the characters shown in the immature stages, the male genitalia and other morphological characters. In the present paper therefore we only treat the species of Michener’s subgenus Anisota. Dryocampa represents a separate migra- tion into North America from the neotropical fauna. The genus is perhaps closest to Anisota {sensu stricto), an idea supported by the work of Pease (1961). We propose that Dryocampa and Anisota are sister-groups, diverged in Central America, and radiated into North America where their respective hostplants {Acer and Quercus) are more available. Methods Genitalic dissections were made of a certain number of male and female specimens of each species from different populations where applicable. Also the heads of male and female specimens were detached from the body, cleaned, measured as to eye-size and head-proportions as well as the form of the rear joint of the head. Also anterior legs were removed and cleaned for examination of the epiphysis. Labial palpi were also removed and cleaned and studied. Special emphasis was placed on the immature stages. In the larvae, the suranal plate was studied and figured, which is distinct for each of thespecies. The pupae were photographed in a position to show their specifically different cremaster. In two species, scanning electron micrographs (Plate V) were made of the cuticle of larvae (see Byers & Htnks, 1973). Localities and flight periods for specimens examined are cited under each species account. Full specimen data have been deposited in the library of the Royal Ontario Museum and are accessible for reference. Most of the material collected or received by the authors during the course of this study has been deposited into major museums (notably ROM, AMNH and LACM). The abbreviations used in the text for collections from which material for this study was examined are as follows: AMNH BPBM BMNH CalAcSci CLU CM CNC FIS FMNH FSCA Heitzman Coll. IBM Kendall Coll. LACM Lemaire Coll. LSU LM McM American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii British Museum (Natural History), London, England California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario Forest Insect Survey, Canada Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida Collection of J. Richard Heitzman, Independence, Missouri Institute de Biologia, Mexico City, Mexico Collection of Roy & C. A. Kendall, San Antonio, Texas Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California Collection of Claude Lemaire, France (now in MNHN) Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana L5nnan Entomological Museum, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 103 MHNM MNHN MSU Peigler Coll RIB ROM Sieker Coll. TAMU UArk UCal UFl UG UGa UIl UM UMo USNM USPM UWO YPM Museo de Historia Natural, Mexico City, Mexico Cambridge, Massachusetts Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan Collection of R. S. Peigler, Greenville, South Carolina Entomology Research Institute, Belleville, Ontario (now closed) Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario Collection of William E. Sieker, Madison, Wisconsin Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas University of California, Berkeley, California University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida University of Guelph, Ontario University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia University of lUinois/Illinois Natural History Survey University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Yale University’s Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut Acknowledgements. Although it would be impossible to name everyone here who helped us with this revision, we begin by thanking the following persons for making available material in their care of their respective institutions: F. H. Rindge (AMNH), P. H. Amaud, Jr. (CalAcSci), J. R. Holman (CLU); the late H. K. Clench (CM), E. Munroe and D. F. Hardwick (CNC); C. R, Beutelspacher (IBM), A. H. Rose and P. D. Syme (Environment Canada, FIS), R. L. Wenzel (FMNH), H. V. Weems, Jr., F. W. Mead and G. W. DeWe (FSCA), J. P. Donahue (LACM), P. E. L. Viette (MNHN), J. B. Chapin (LSU), V. R. Vickery (LM), D. M. Davies (McM), J. M. Bums (MCZ), R. L. Fischer (MSU), P. Beime (RIB), G. B. Wiggins (ROM), J. A. Powell (UCal), D. H. Pengelly (UG), C. L. Smith (UGA), J. G. Stemburg (UIL), T. E. Moore (UM), W. R. Emis (U. Mississippi), D. C. Fdrguson (USNM), P. J. Clausen (USPM), W. W. Judd (UWO), and K W. Brown (YPM). We extend our appreciation to the following persons for help in various ways: S. B. Atkins, H. D. Baggett, V. A. Brou, Earll M. Brown, G. R. Camer, the late R. B. Dominick, J. E. Eger, Connie A. Kendall, Bert Kohlmann, Peter Loy, J. Wm. McCord, B. Mather, R. T. Mitchell, W. E. Sieker, J. D. Solomon, and B. D. Williams, EH. Special thanks go to R. A. Crowson, Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Glasgow, for providing photographs of A. stigma F.; to Th. Finlayson for donating ail research material of her late husband to this study and for taking the senior author to the type locality of A. finlysoni in 1967; for making photographs used in our color plates we thank Joseph E. Eger, n (Plate I, figs. 2, 7, 12; III, 1; IV, 11), G. R. Camer (1, 6, 10), Robert R. Murray (I, 9), W. D. Winter, Jr. (1, 8), C. Lemaire (EV, 5); all others were made at the ROM (L. Warren, Head Photographer). Gratefully acknowledged is the assistance of E. Munroe, the late H. K. Clench, G. B. Wiggins, and D. Barr (ROM) 104 J. Res. Lepid. for critically reading early drafts of this manuscripto The excellent drawings in this paper were all made by artists at the ROM: Anker Odum and Zile Zichmanis. Acknowledgment is also made for the use of the scanning electron microscope (in ROM) established through a grant from the National Research Council to the Dept, of Zoology, Univ, of Toronto, for development of a program in systematic and evolutionary zoology. We extend our gratitude for determinations of parasites to the following research scientists of the U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland: G. Gordh, R. W. Carlson, L. Knutson, C. W. Sabrosky, P. M. Marsh, and E. E. Grissell. J. M. Tucker identified Mexican oaks for us. The very constructive criticisms and suggestions given by an anonymous reviewer for the Journal were much appreciated, and we thank this person for helping improve the overall work in several ways. Finally we express our deepest appreciation to Roy 0. Kendall and Dr. Claude Lemaire who have over a period of several years generously and consistently supplied rearing notes, data and material from their collections, and have helped directly in numerous other ways. Generic Diagnosis and Morphology of the Imago ANISOTA HUEBNER Anisota Huebner, 1820: 192; Michener, 1952: 409. Type species: Bombyx stigma Fabricius, designated by Grote, 1874: 260. A North and Central American genus of small to medium sized moths of brownish color; always with extremely reduced clypeus in the adult and a white discal spot on the forewing; the male in many cases diurnal; strong sexual dimorphism in some of the species, some sexual dimorphism in all species. Morphological features which all species of the genus have in common as adults are: a) male antennae doubly bipectinate; female antennae simple and ciliate b) epiphysis in many females absent, not as Michener (1952: 408) and Ferguson (1971: 63) say in all females; Michener’s own preparation (AMNH) of an anterior leg of a female of A. virginiensis has an epiphysis; when present much reduced in size c) anterior tibia in male and female dorso-apical with two lateral projections, the exterior one usually a long spine, the interior one a much shorter and usually blunt projection; middle and posterior tibiae also with two projections of this kind, but much shorter and in many cases similar in size; middle and posterior tibiae in males and females bear one pair each of tibial end-spurs; a pair of peculiar spines in the females only arises from the apical lobes of the penultimate anterior tarsal segment. Leg morphology is described and figured by Oiticica (1940). d) pulvillus, paronychium (lateral lobe) and empodium (generally only one tubercle with one long strong seta) well developed e) free anellus in male genitalia present and valves not fused f) uncus of male genitalia without protuberance Michener (1952) says of Anisota: “This subgenus includes most of the species of Anisota. They are brown, with a small white spot at the apex of the discal cell of the forewing. It includes two rather well-marked groups of species distinguished primarily by the size of the eyes. In dissimilis Boisduval and oslari Rothschild the 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 105 eyes are reduced in size so that their upper ends do not reach the lower margins of the antennal sockets, and their lower ends do not reach the lower extremity of the frons. In this group, moreover, the frontal protuberance is more reduced and the proboscidial fossa is even shallower than in the other group which contains the remainder of the species. In dissimilis and oslari also the labial palpi are more distinctly two-segmented than in the remaining species of the genus. The species of this subgenus occur in eastern North America, westwaird to Arizona and south into Mexico.” The basic premise of the foregoing is valid. The species olAnisota can indeed be separated into two groups with the aid of the size of the eyes, or of a certain ratio of the head and the position of the eyes or of the form of the frontal protuberance, or on the basis of the visibility or obscuration of the laterofrontal suture. All of these criteria give rise to identical groupings, and it should be taken into account that it is not so much the size of the eyes as their position and angle to the head which makes the difference, and which makes the eyes appear to be of quite different size. To compare eyes of these moths without exact measurements gives very wrong results; Ferguson (1971: 74) mentions the “very small eyes” of the males of A. senatoria. It is in fact astonishing that exact measurements of the eyes do not show a great difference among the species, except for A. virginiensis which was included by Michener among the “big-eyed” species and actually has the smallest eyes of the entire genus, as correctly pointed out by Ferguson (1971: 74). On the other hand, the eyes of A. dissimilis and A. oslari are in no way “very reduced” as Ferguson (1971: 64) says. Table 1 of the eye measurements will better illustrate these points. TABLE 1 Eye Measurements (in mm) Species a-b in male a-b in female c-d in male c-d in Group A A. consularis 1.30 1.31 0.70 0.65 A. fuscosa 1.70 1.56 1.09 0.96 A. manitobensis 1.43 .... 0.87 .... A. senatoria 1.33 1.24 0.70 0.62 A. stigma 1.37 1.44 0.97 0.95 Group B A. assimilis 1.23 .... 0.67 .... A. discolor 0.98 .... 0.50 .... A. dissimilis 1.23 .... 0.70 .... A. finlaysoni 1.17 1.17 0.67 0.63 A. oslari 1.14 .... 0.55 .... A. peigleri 1.33 1.33 0.60 0.80 A. pellucida 1.04 1.21 0.55 0.72 A. punctata .... .... .... .... A. virginiensis 0.93 1.08 0.50 0.53 106 J. Res. Lepid. Fig. 1. The two types of heads in Anisota, with large and small eyes. See Tables 1 and 2. The table clearly shows group A with the large eyes and group B with the small eyes. Ingroup A the measurement a-b does not go significantly below 1.33 mm while in group B it does not go over 1.33 mm. In group A the measurement c-d does not go below 0.70 mm while in group B it does not exceed 0.70 mm. Females show slight differences with the males; in group A their measurements tend to be lower than in the males while in group B they tend to be slightly higher. Regrettably there were not enough females available to check every species. In group A the eye measurements separate A. fuscosa from all the other species, especially from the closely related A. stigma. In group B, A. peigleri shows a slight deviation with a-b the highest for the group and c-d just in the middle between the highest and lowest values. Further examination has shown that in no species the eye reaches the antennal socket at all. To see this clearly the head should be detached, cleaned and measured. If this is done, one finds that the distance between the two antennal sockets (e-f) and the distance between one antennal socket and the upper edge of the eye (g-h), give a ratio which can be very useful in cormection with the values of Table 1 . See Table 2 and Figure 1 . The data in Table 2 corroborate the conclusions from Table 1, namely there are two groups of Anisota species which can be separated by certain eye and head measurements. It is also remarkable that visibility of the laterofrontal suture and the size of the frontal protuberance support the groupings established with our measurements. It is interesting to note that A. fuscosa also deviates here by far from the normal values while everything otherwise falls nicely into place. Because of the dissection necessary and the scarcity of some species in collections, it was possible to measure for some species only one specimen, but in the other species where a series of measurements was taken, the variation was very small, indicating that the single ones measured are probably representative of their species, at least in the present context. The labial palpi show for the entire second group a more distinctly two -segmented condition than in the first group. Many specimens were dissected as to the genitalia and other anatomical features; also Michener’s dissections (AMNH) were used. The form of the aedoeagus of the male genitalia can be furthermore used to divide the second group into two subgroups: A. dissimilis, A. finlaysoni, A. oslari, and A. peigleri have a straight 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 107 TABLE 2 Head Morphology (numbers in mm) ratio of e-fig-h latero frontal frontal Species male female suture protuberance Group A A. consularis 3.6:1 3.1:1 slightly obscured very prominent A. fuscosa 6.7:1 6.0:1 obscured protruding A. manitobensis 3.3:1 absolutely obscured prominent A. senatoria 3.0:1 3.2:1 slightly obscured protruding A. stigma 3.6:1 3.3:1 obscured protruding Group B A. assimilis 2.0:1 visible reduced A. discolor 1.7:1 visible reduced A. dissimilis 1.8:1 visible reduced A. finlaysoni 1.8:1 2.7:1 visible reduced A. oslari 1.9:1 visible reduced A. peigleri 1.8:1 visible slightly protruding A. pellucida 1.8:1 1.8:1 visible reduced A. punctata A. virginiensis 1.7:1 1.8:1 visible reduced aedoeagus, whOe A. assimilis, A. discolor, A. pellucida, and A. virginiensis have the aedoeagus curved. In the first group the aedoeagus is straight in all species. It is noteworthy that the female genitalia, which were not studied by Ferguson (1971), also support the above grouping: only the A. assimilis subgroup has a prominent antrum and this is of an unusual form when seen in lateral view (Figure 8), and in all species of the second group the ductus bursae makes an abrupt, almost rectangular turn where the bursa copulatrix is attached. In all species of the first group the ductus bursae is straight. In some species of the genus a special sexual dimorphism occurs as a parallel development in both groups. This character has been used by previous authors for the purpose of subdivision of the genus into species groups. However, this seems to be artificial and untenable and it should be recognized that other morphological features form a better basis for a natural grouping of similar species within Aniso to. For a correct interpretation of the somehow striking sexual dimorphism see Ferguson (1971: 63). Some diurnal males have evolved very transparent forewings (A. pellucida, A. discolor, A. virginiensis) or tend toward that (A. senatoria, A. peigleri); other diurnal males (A. oslari) show no such trend but nonetheless probably also resemble orange wasps (V espidae) in flight. It does not seem justifiable to correlate reduction in eye size with a trend to diurnal activity (see Ferguson, 1971: 63). Our Table 1 shows clearly that there are small eyes among species with sexual dimorphism as well as among those without, 108 J. Res. Lepid. and the same is true for large eyes. It is also important to consider the statement of Mazokhin-Porshnyakov (1969: 2): “As a rule, the mobile and fast flying species, both diurnal and nocturnal, have large complex eyes; male insects often have bigger eyes than females.” Morphology of the Immature Stages Egg. This is, according to Packard (1905): “elliptical, flattened, each end alike, a little longer than broad, shell very thin, parchment like, the surface with obscurely marked microscopic irregular hexagonal areas. The eggs are laid in large patches on leaves”. We add: patches on older leaves with preference at apices of leaves on the lower perimeter of the tree. Larva. Larvae, according to Packard (1905) with “body cylindrical, slightly flattened at the end; armature consisting of two recurved slender smooth meso- thoracic horns [except for A. finlaysoni]; prothoracic spines reduced to low tubercles;all other dorsal and lateral spines of the body small, conical, acute; the two dorsal spines of the eighth abdominal segment, remote, not fused into a caudal horn. Suranal plate rugose or granulated, with from three to four lateral and two terminal stout conical spines. Body with conspicuous longitudinal bands or stripes.” The latter, however, is not always the case. The headcapsules and suranal plates are specific and figured as far as possible. Here it should be noted that in Peterson (1959: Fig. L 12) the captions of H and C should be interchanged, i.e., H should read “A. senatoria” and C should read “A. stigma”. Pupa. About the pupa Mosher (1916) (see also Mosher, 1914) says: “Without prominent scattered spines on the thoracic segments, the longest never four times the length of those covering the segments; antennae with the central axis never bearing pominent spines, the spines never curving posteriorly; maxillae always one- fourth the length of wings”. We provide figures of the species-specific cremasters of species for which these were available. These structures have been shown to be taxonomically useful (Giehsler, 1965). Intrageneric Classification and Phylogeny Different groupings may be derived for the 15 species oiAnisota, depending on characters used. Eye size and head morphology discussed earlier give one such arrangement, whereas genitalia give another. However, we prefer the following groupings based on habitus of larvae and adult moths as well as geographical distributions: A. stigma group A. stigma A. fuscosa A. consularis A. manitobensis A. senatoria group A. senatoria A. finlaysoni A. peigleri A. pellucida group A. pellucida A. leucostygma A. virginiensis A. discolor Mexican group A. dissimilis A. punctata A. assimilis A. oslari 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 109 Certain features of the zoogeography are clear while others are difficult to ascertain. The genus evidently originated in Mexico or southward, possibly as specialized feeders on oaks. The distribution and numbers of species in North America was likely greatly influenced by glaciation and other climatic changes during the Pleistocene. Larger size of the adults, very spiny larvae, south Mexican distribution, and noctumalism are judged to be plesiomorphic characters (based on outgroup comparison) in such species as A. dissimilis. Both A. dissimilis and A. punctata show affinities with the A. stigma group; A. assimilis shows a relationship to the A. pellucida group through the genitalia. All of the species appear to be still very closely interrelated and the above four groupings merely indicate still closer affinities. It is likely that there remain undiscovered species in Mexico or southward. Lepidopterists have traditionally collected most heavily in lowland rainforests where the fauna seems richer, and Anisota are more likely encountered in oak-pine biotope in the mountains. If new species are described from the United States or Canada in the future, these will likely be ones which are presently “hiding” under names of widespread and variable species such as A. stigma, A. virginiensis, and A. senatoria. The phenomenon of allopatry is quite evident with the most closely related species. When species are so alike in their ecological requirements (i.e., fill the same niche), then they are mutually exclusive or ecologically antagonistic, possibly due to competition or more likely the absence of isolation mechanisms to prevent hybridization (see Mayr, 1969, p. 193-197; Stebbins, 1969). Such allopatry or parapatry have led workers to consider that some of these species are merely subspecies. Our observations indicate that all 15 taxa which we herein recognize are full, discrete species. We have noted consistent differences in genitalia of both sexes, adult phenotype and leg morphology, larval color and morphology, pupal morphology, egg size and embryo development; and in the A. pellucida group we have observed sterility and inviability in Fi and backcrosses of artificial hybrids. Furthermore we find no indications of blend zones or dines, despite the immense amount of material examined. Van Valen (1976) offers an interesting discussion on these matters. To elaborate on this important concept of allopatry let us view some specifics. Any given locality tends to have only one representative from a given group: in New Jersey one will collect A. stigma, A. senatoria, and A. virginiensis; in upper South Carolina one collects A. stigma, A. peigleri, and A. pellucida; in East Texas we find A. fuscosa, A. senatoria, and A. discolor. Although we do not promote usage of common (vernacular) names for these insects, a few remarks may be appropriate here. According to one list (Benoit, 1975) the English and French common names for four species are: A. finlaysoni, shorthomed oakworm, anisota de Finlayson; A. senatoria, orange-striped oakworm, anisota a lignes orangees; A. stigma, spiny oakworm, anisote stigma; A. virginiensis, pink-striped oakworm, anisote rose du chene. Holland (1903) refers to A. virginiensis as “the Virginian Anisota” and A. stigma as “the Stigma Moth”. Names such as spiny, pink-striped, and orange -striped oakworms have become less appropriate with the discoveries of more species in recent years, since each name might apply to an entire group of species. The species of Anisota are arranged alphabetically in the text for convenient reference in their groups: Mexican group - pellucida group - senatoria group - stigma group. no J. Res. Lepid. Key to Adults 1. antennae doubly bipectinate (males) 2 antennae simple and ciliate (females). 5 2. forewings with hyaline area around discal cell. 3 forewings without hyaline area around discal cell 4 3. medium reddish brown; outer margin of both wings perceptibly convex; anal angle of hindwings all rounded; aedoeagus of male genitalia rounded A. virginiensis deep reddish brown; outer margin of both wings straight or nearly so; anal angle of hindwings not rounded; aedoeagus of male genitalia more slender and oblong. ..... A. pellucida deep yellowish brown or soft brown; when fresh with a slight grayish hue; outer margin of both wings convex; anal angle of hindwings strongly rounded; aedoeagus of male genitalia rounded, more narrow than in A. virginiensis but a little wider than in A. pellucida, proximal end straight. A. discolor medium yellowish brown; outer margin of forewing slightly concave (between M2 and Cu lb) , of hindwing straight, anal angle of hindwing almost rectangular. . . A. finlaysoni light brown or soft brown; sprinkling with dark scales strong; outer margin of foreing perceptibly convex, of hindwing straight; anal angle of hindwing rounded; only known from Florida and Georgia A, consularis medium reddish brown (North) or soft reddish brown (South); outer margin of both wings almost straight; anal angle of hindwing not at all rounded; aedoeagus of male genitalia straight A. senatoria medium reddish brown; sprinkling with dark scales strong; hyaline patch covered with scales to some extent; discal spot large; margin of hindwing straight A. peigleri 4. forewing brownish orange; hindwing dark blackish brown, venation of forewing the color of hindwing; abdomen blackish brown; Mexico only. . . A. dissimilis male still unknown; probably somewhat similar to the above species, Mexico only. A. punctata, n. sp. forewing deep reddish orange; hindwing soft reddish brown; Mexico, Arizona to western Texas. A. oslari unicolorously gray reddish orange with a slight tinge of reddish in hindwing; Mexico only. A. assimilis color of both wings deep orange to brownish orange; strongly sprinkled with dark scales; outer margin of both wings entirely rounded, especially apex of fore- wing A. stigma color of both wings deep orange yellow to medium yellow brown with little contrast; strongly sprinkled with dark scales; outer margin of forewing slightly straightened and not rounded at apex; eyes strikingly large. ...... A. fuscosa strong medium reddish purple suffusion on both wings, basic color brownish orange; only Manitoba to Wisconsin. A. manitobensis 5. connection (ductus bursae) between ostium bursae and bursa copulatrix straight 6 this connection not straight. 7 6. deep orange yellow; wings semitransparent in most specimens; usually only slightly sprinkled with dark scales; outer margin somewhat straightened 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 111 between Ms and apex; postmedian band usually quite visible; ductus bursae obviously slender. .......................................... A. senatoria deep orange yellow to brownish orange; wings very strongly sprinkled with dark scales; outer margin of both wings well rounded. ............... A. consularis deep orange; wings opaque; strongly sprinkled with dark scales; outer margin of both wings well rounded. A. stigma almost uniformly medium orange colored with a slight pinkish tinge on the hindwing; Mexico only. A. assimilis 7. brownish orange strongly suffused with purplish, especially in basal and terminal areas; ductus bursae only slightly bent to the left; Manitoba to Wisconsin. .................. ................ A. manitobensis deep orangish yellow forewing; hindwing duller, somewhat suffused with blackish-brown; venation on both wings of same color; abdomen blackish- brown, joints of segments outlined in ochreous brown; ductus bursae sigmoidal; Mexico only A. dissimilis brownish orange on forewing; medium orange hindwing; venation not pro- nounced; abdomen tawny olive-ochreous; head and thorax same; postmedian lines very strongly developed; strongly sprinkled with dark scales. . A. punctata light brown with a light ochreous tinge; hindwing slightly darker; ductus bursae sharply bent to the left; Mexico, Arizona to western Texas A. oslari unicolorous deep orange yellow to medium yellow brown; strongly sprinkled with dark scales; outer margin of wings as in male; ductus bursae twisted twice; eyes strikingly large. ................. A. fuscosa soft yellow; outer margin only slightly rounded between Cu lb and apex; postmedian lines on both wings straight; but weak; purplish suffusion in terminal area very reduced; ductus bursae twisted upwards. ... A. finlaysoni deep orange yellow; mostly strongly sprinkled with dark scales, marginal area of forewing purplish; outer margin almost straight; large (25-30 mm); ductus bursae twisted twice. .A. peigleri considerable contrast between gray purplish pink terminal area and remainder of wing brownish orange or wine colored; rarely with dark scales; ductus bursae sharply bent to the left. A. virginiensis wings opaque and occasionally with dark scales and strongly colored medium reddish brown; ductus bursae bent to the left directly cephalad of antrum A. pellucida monotonous light brown to dark orange yellow; sometimes with grayish over- tones; often sprinkled with dark scales; bursa copulatrix very slightly bent off of ductus bursae. A. discolor size large; deep orange yellow; terminal area of forewing slate; ductus bursae twisted twice; Central America. ...... A. leucostygma Key to Mature Larvae 1. 2. not unicolorous. 2 unicolorous 3 in two colors (light gray olive and deep pink) evenly and widely striped; thoracic horns 6 mm long; head deep yellow. .......................... A. virginiensis in two colors (dark greenish yellow and deep pink); thoracic horns 6 mm long; head deep greenish yellow. .................................... A. pellucida 112 J. Res. Lepid. in two colors (dark olive and very deep red); not quite evenly striped; thoracic horns 8 mm long; head medium olive. ........................... A. discolor first three abdominal segments yellow, following ones reddish brown; thoracic horns long and blunt on tips; black spots between abdominal segments; head yellow. ........................................................ A. dissimilis 3. unicolorous black. .......................................................... 5 other color. ................................................................ 4 4. color soft red with broken yellow stripes; body very strongly granulated; thoracic horns 5.5 mm long; head deep orange. ..................... A. oslari color various shades of brown, densely covered with pinkish white granulations of uneven size; laterally paler stripes only faint; thoracic horns 7 mm long; head brownish orange. ................................................. A. stigma color light brown, on each segment a very wide black saddle; on saddle pinkish white granulations of uneven size; thoracic horns 5 mm long; head deep orange yellow. ........................................................ A. assimilis color medium orange to light brown; body covered with many white spots and ecrescences; dorsal, lateral, supraventral brownish stripes; gray dorsal band; thoracic horns clubbed, 5 mm long; head brownish orange. ....... A. ftiscosa color medium orange with lighter brown stripes; thoracic horns 6 mm long; head pale tan, ..................................... ......... A. manitobensis color various shades of tan, with numerous longitudinal thin black stripes; thoracic horns ca. 6 mm long; head brownish orange. ............ A. consularis 5. with very orange yellow continuous ..stripes; thoracic horns 4 mm long; head blackish red brown, ........................................... A, senatoria with sometimes faint, interrupted very orange yellow stripes; subspiracular “ornaments” much reduced; thoracic horns 6.5 mm long; very spiny; head black. .......................................................... A. peigleri with brilliant orange yellow continuous stripes, no thoracic horns except a pair of short scoli 1 mm long; head black. .......................... A. finlaysoni Note: The names of colors used in the foregoing keys follow those given in the Inter-Society Color Council — National Bureau of Standards, Circular 553. Ecology, Collecting in the Field, and Rearing in Captwity Rearing and collecting the various species oiAnisota is an integral part of studying them. These activities can be very profitable because it is generally easy to collect larvae on trees and adults at lights. The larvae are rather easy to rear in captivity. The senior author has studied the species in southeastern Ontario; the junior author has collected from North Carolina to Florida across to Texas and in Mexico and Ontario. Searching for ova is generally unproductive unless one is in an area where high populations exist of one or more of the species. It is then best to search on the undersides of oak leaves not too high from the ground. The heavy females do not oviposit in the tops of trees unless the tree is only a couple meters high. Isolated trees, or those along a forest-field interface are good places to search. Trees near lighted areas (such as rest areas on major highways) which attracted female moths are more likely to have ova and larvae. Larvae begin feeding on the leaf which bore the ova so it is advisable to look for chewed leaves on ends of branches. When larvae only a few days old are found in this manner, the egg patch is also present nearby. The remaining ova may contain ovarian parasites. 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 113 Larvae of Anisota are gregarious all through life, especially in the early instars. Young larvae spin invisible silk mats to aid aggregating behavior. Mature larvae wiU spread out over an entire small tree but on large trees they all are generally on one or few branches, still relatively near each other. When a collector begins to detach larvae which he has found, the adjacent ones detect the danger and drop to the p-ound; even larvae in molting position will drop. Larvae are very easy to remove from branches, never hanging on tightly as in many Satumiidae. Molting larvae detached from their silk pads almost always molt successfully, even in the bottom of a glass jar. Larvae sit on twigs in clusters in the position of sphingid larvae, with the anterior end raised. Brodie (1929) described and figured this behavior. Larvae also will sometimes sway rapidly from side to side in unision when disturbed. This behavior is not understood. To collect the largest larvae among a colony is to collect mostly females. It is tempting to take large ones because one figures that less rearing work will remain to be done. Male larvae, being smaller, mature sooner and leave the tree several days earlier than their female siblings. Since the defoliation is usually quite noticeable, it can be productive to look for colonies while driving along a road, but sometimes, in the Southeast at least, the defoliators turn out to be colonies of Datana spp. (Notodontidae). First-instar larvae of Datana skeletonize leaves, unlike Anisota. Other times the larvae of Anisota have left the tree already to pupate. If the defoliated branch has begun to recover by producing new leaves, one can assume the larvae left weeks earlier. If no new leaves have yet formed, it is often possible to find a few straggling larvae, or at least some exuviae, to determine which species had been present. We have observed that the same individual trees, indeed certain lower branches, are defoliated year after year by the same species of Anisota. Larvae of certain species of the genus are not well camouflaged. The coloration of those species such as A. senatoria (black with orange stripes) is apparently aposematic. Immunity to avian predation may be due to the tough spiny texture of the caterpillars and/or to possible toxic substances, such as tannins derived from oak leaves. It is incorrect to assume that Anisota are found on any oak. All oaks are accepted freely in captivity; larvae will feed on a mixed diet of several oak species with no hesitation. The tough evergreen oaks such as live oak {Quercus virginiana Miller) are eaten freely as well as the species of Castanea, the chestnuts and chinkapins. Possibly the nearly extinct American chestnut {Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.) was a major host in the past. Species of Quercus with tough, pubescent, or evergreen leaves are generally the least preferred in nature. In an area with several species of oaks, one will find some species attacked growing among others unattacked. Ovipositing females are apparently very discriminating. In the South- east (North Carolina to Florida to East Texas) the two favorites are undoubtedly water oak (Q. nigra L.) and southern red oak (Q. falcata Michaux). The former is commonly planted in yards and parks and may be heavily defoliated. Other favorites are Q. marilandica Muenchh., Q. velutina Lam., Q. phellos L., Q. palustris Muenchh. and similar species. Q. alba L., Q. stellata Wang,, and Q. virginiana are not frequently attacked. However, in extreme southern Florida it is probable that Q. virginiana is a usual host because other oaks are not available. Likewise in Texas, west of the forested areas of the eastern part of the state, the Anisota are obliged to live on Q. stellata, the most prevalent oak. In France, Dr. Claude Lemaire has reared 114 J. Res. Lepid. Fig. 2. Suranal plates of mature larvae: a. A. stigma, b. A. fuscosa, c. A. consularis, d. A. manitobensis , e. A. oslari, f. A. assimilis. species of Anisota from the Atlantic states with a little difficulty on Q. pubescens Willd., a species similar to Q. stellata, but found that larvae of A. disco/or from Texas did especially well on that host. Tough and/or pubescent leaves are more offensive to very young larvae. Reports of larvae eating hazel {Corylus) (Packard, 1905; McGugan et ai, 1958) we believe to be correct. It is also apparent that the hot, dry, sandy, scrub-oak areas, so suitable for Hemileuca (Satumiidae), are not suitable biotope loi Anisota. These areas include turkey oak (Q. laeuis Walter) and myrtle oak {Q. myrtifolia Willd.) growth from central South Carolina down through Florida and the limestone hills with Q. 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 115 fusiformis Small in central Texas. Anisota are sometimes collected in such areas, but the populations are very low, if at all present. When larvae have finished feeding they drop to the ground and begin to wander for a day or so in search of a place to enter the ground to pupate. Collecting of larvae crawling on the ground is desirable because no further feeding is required by such larvae, but some parasitism should be expected. It is virtually impossible to locate pupae in the soil so we recommend the collector not waste his time in such an endeavor. Nematodes may attack pupae in the soil but we have no records for this. Pupal mortality may also be caused by occasional flooding or droughts. The best method for collecting adult moths is to attract them with ultraviolet or mercury vapor lamps (such as street lights). One can hang an ultraviolet light or lantern in front of a sheet. White light sources near a brick wall or similar surface (the lighter colored the substrate is, the better) are very suitable places to find adults because a suitable resting place is available to the moths after arriving at the Mght. Adults which have been at rest are veiy lethargic and thus easily captured; they will drop into a box or killing jar if gently pushed. Females of A. peigleri arrive at light just at dark whereas males of A. stigma may not arrive until 2:00 AM (EST). Most adults are available under lights before midnight except, of course, those species with diurnal males which are rarely taken at lights. The earlier in the day that the male flies, the fewer at light: we know of only one male A. pellucida taken at light. The rare cases where diurnal males are found at light may involve individuals which were brought there by the larger females, the female flying to the light before copulation had terminated. This is only a theory but often pairs are found near each other under light sources. Males can be attracted to females which will emit pheromone in captivity. We believe that the pheromone is the same, or about the same, for all the species (see our remarks under “Artificial Hybridization”). Therefore a female of any species may attract males of any other species, provided that she emits pheromone at the right time of day or night, during the correct season, and in the right location. Hybridization of the species in nature is prevented by allopatry, different flight times of day and night, and/or different flight times through the year. Adjusting of the photoperiod with artificial light or darkness allows one to induce a female to emit pheromone at any desired time. Assembling males are rapid fliers, and a net is usually necessary to capture them. Several handbooks are available to provide information on rearing caterpillars. Consequently, we only wish to give here a few remarks peculiar to, or important in, the rearing otAnisota. Larvae are easy to rear but tend to stunt easily when reared in containers on cut food and the result is undersized adult moths. Best rearing is done in large cloth bags on limbs of oaks because such growing food provides more nutrition than cut food. Also ventilation and sunlight should reduce incidence of disease in a brood. However, once larvae stop feeding they cannot be left in the bags to pupate as with cocoon-spinning species. There is no evidence that a diet of several oak species produces larger or healthier larvae. Humidity may be advantageous. Although most lepidopterists prefer to let larvae which pupate subterraineously burrow into a container of soil, this is not at all necessary. Contracted larvae pupate quite successfully in any container, with no soil, or they can be placed on a layer of moist sand or peatmoss. Summer pupae destined to produce adults in less than one month generally do veiy well if simply kept from dessication. However, with 116 J. Res. Lepid. diapausing (over-wintering) pupae one should expect some mortality. One method which the junior author uses is to keep pupae on a layer of moist-to-wet sand in a plastic shoebox in the refrigerator (ca. 4-5°C) all winter. A too tight lid results in molding; too open causes dessication; both will be fatal to the pupae. Misting of pupae with water triggers emergences. The diapause is apparently broken by longer day length rather than higher temperatures. Anisota-pupae kept at room temperature (ca. 25°C) all winter still produce adults at the normal emergence time in many cases. Pupae kept under laboratory conditions sometimes yield adults in autumn or spring, while summer is the normal flight time for the particular species. It is possible that the diapause is attuned to specific needs in the phenology such as host plant requirements. Even in the milder climates, larvae of Anisota strongly tend to be late season feeders. In such areas there is ample time for another generation but this does not occur. Probably larvae of the genus require mature oak leaves. Other lepidopterous larvae require spring foilage of oak. The levels of proteins, carbohydrates, and tannins in oak leaves change through the seasons. The excellent study by Feeny (1970) will provide the reader with more information. When adults emerge the rearer may wish to obtain matings or cross-matings. Males can be kept refrigerated for several days until a female is available. The container in the refrigerator should have a damp cloth. Such chilled males will become active within a few minutes after being taken from refrigeration, and will mate quickly with a female which is emitting pheromone. Females which are chilled in this manner however, usually fail to emit pheromone afterwards. Hand-pairing has not been successful with the small adults. A problem is encountered if one tries to hold adult moths for long periods at room temperature. Emergences from pupae are in morning or mid-afternoon, depending on species and geographic location, and the moths of both sexes commence to flutter at dusk. If specimens are needed for a collection but one is also hoping to obtain pairings, we recommend that they be kept beside a lamp all night while alive. Another practice used to prevent wing damage can be tried with females after they have mated. This is to put them into envelopes with wings folded back while ovipositing. While this method works well for large satumiids, the females of Anisota seem to prefer to flutter some and more eggs will probably be obtained from a female kept in an open container. The presence of oak foliage does not appear to increase oviposition. It is likely that almost all females of Satumiidae taken at lights have mated and will thus lay fertile ova. This usually appears to be true for females of Anisota, but not always. Some individuals oviposit freely; others do not, even if mated. The rearer choosing to send out ova to enable others to rear larvae should keep in mind the remarks of Hitchcock (1961b), i.e., first-instar larvae have higher mortality in smaller groups. The very young larvae apparently work as a team in cutting the oak foliage. Therefore, it is best to supply at least 30 ova to another rearer. Population levels or densities may be estimated in an area by abundance of larval colonies or by numbers of adults taken at lights. The two do not always appear to “agree” however. For example, in northwestern South Carolina A. peigleri is consistently abundant as a larva but adults are taken only occasionaOy at lights. In the same area larvae of A. stigma are difficult to find but adults are abundant at lights. The apparent discrepancy is explained by the fact that females are taken at 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 117 Fig. 3. Suranal plates of mature larvae: a. A. senatoria, b. A. peigleri, c. A. finlaysoni, d. A. pellucida, e. A. virginiensis, f. A. discolor. light less often than males, and males of A. peigleri are diurnal. Therefore, many males of A. stigma are collected at lights, some females of both species, and rarely any males of A. peigleri. Females of some species such as A. senatoria and A. peigleri deposit high numbers of ova in one place, and this contributes to the ability of such species to become pests by extensive defoliation. Larval colonies of other species such as A. stigma and A. pellucida usually contain less than 25 larvae. If fecundity of all species is roughly 118 J. Res. Lepid. Fig. 4. Head capsules of mature larvae: a. A. stigma, b. A. fuscosa, c. A. consularis, d. A. manitobemis, e. A. oslari, f. A. assimilis. equal, we can assume females of the latter species oviposit in more sites, but fewer eggs per site. In Florida and coastal Georgia, populations of A. pellucida are consistently high. Anisota peigleri has maintained a very high population in upper South Carolina for at least 12 years; in East Texas the same appears to hold for A. senatoria. The sporadic outbreaks of A. senatoria in New England are a very different phenomenon. In this case we would use the ecologists’ term “fugitive species” for A. senatoria. Fortunately, Anisota is a group which is not especially harmed by human interference such as habitat destruction, since the various species live well in yards and parks where oaks are planted, as well as in the countryside. Conservation of populations oi Anisota may become necessary however. Hessel (1976) mentions A. finiaysoni as suffering from habitat destruction. Indeed we have noted an absence of records for this species between Toronto and the type locality and suspect that agiicultural practices have destroyed most oaks in that area. Many forest entomolo- gists consider A. senatoria to be a pest such as Ignoffo et al. (1973) in Missouri and Hitchcock (1958, 1961a) in Connecticut. Large scale sprayings with chemicals or pathogens should be used only where absolutely necessary. The aerial application of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is hailed as harmless to the environment by entomologists attempting to control populations of the gypsy moth {Lymantria dispar (L.), Lymantriidae). That claim is absurd since the pathogen kills many non- target species of Lepidoptera. Collecting of material throughout the range of the genus is needed to augment what is known about the group. Amateur lepidopterists can make significant 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 119 contributions by preserving adults and associated larvae from localities where they collect. Data are especially needed for circadian flight times of even the common and widespread species. Some of the aforementioned field observations may only be applicable to the southern states, creating the need for information on some northern populations for comparison. The lack of material and information for the Mexican species is particularly obvious. The mechanisms of diapause in Anisota are poorly understood. It is hoped that our information in this section will stimulate additional research by others. Parasitiem During the larval stages, the species oi Anisota are much more vulnerable to attack by parasites than predators. The known parasites all belong to the orders Diptera and H5m[ienoptera. Records for parasitism in species in the northeastern states (A. stigma, A. senatoria, A. virginiensis) can be found in Schaffner & Griswold (1934) and Muesebeck et al. (1951), For tachinid parasitism one can do no better than to consult Amaud (1978). The junior author has reared parasites from Anisota in the southern states and a list of these plus notes on their habits follows. Our records from Maryland were provided by Robert T. Mitchell. Diptera Tachinidae: Goniinae Lespesia datanarum (Townsend) (= Achaetoneura anisotae Webber). In A. pellucida from Martin, Florida; Ludowici and Statesboro, Georgia; in A. peigleri Fig. 5, Head capsules of mature larvae: a. A. senatoria, b. A. peigleri, c. A. finlaysord, d, A. pellucida, e. A. virginiensis, f. A. discolor. 120 J. Res. Lepid. from Clemson, Greenville, and Westminster, South Carolina. The ovipositing flies deposit their eggs on a larva and the maggots feed inside the host, emerging to pupate in soil after the host has pupated. Parasite puparia will generally diapause at the times that the host species does. Usually there is one to three parasites per host. Eumasicera stemalis (Coquillett). In A. consularis from Statesboro, Georgia and in A. uirginiensis from Pine Grove, Pennsylvania. These flies have a life-cycle much like L. datanarum but the adults are lighter gray and smaller. Belvosia hifasciata (Fabricius). In A. senatoria and A. discolor from Walker Co., Texas. (What is apparently this species has been reared from A. assimilis by R. O. Kendall from Chihuahua.) These large flies have yellow-tipped abdomens and can be seen flying around defoliated oak trees in the autumn searching for hosts. The phenology is similar to L. datanarum but these are solitary (gregarious in larger hosts such as Eacles) parasites and the maggot does not leave the host pupa to pupate. An undetermined species of Tachinidae attacks A. finlaysoni in St. Williams, Ontario (size of Lespesia, puparium obtained only; specimen in Royal Ontario Museum). Hymenoptera Trigonalidae Poecilogonalos costalis (Cresson). In A. disco/or and A. senatoria from Walker Co., Texas. This insect superficially resembles a yellowjacket {Vespula maculifrons (Buysson)). It occurs solitarily and is probably a hyperparasite on tachinid parasites in Anisota. Trigonalids represent a small and poorly known family. Ichneumonidae Hyposoter fugitiuus (Say). In A. peigleri from Greenville and Clemson, South Carolina; in A. pellucida from Anderson Co., S. C.; Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Saint Francis Co., Arkansas; in A. discolor from Giddings, Texas; in A. senatoria from Walker Co., Texas; in A. consularis from Statesboro, Georgia; in A. fuscosa from Brazos and Walker counties, Texas. In A. finlaysoni from Shannonville, Ontario (leg. L. R. Finlayson, in alcohol in Royal Ontario Museum). The species is reported by Muesebeck et al. (1951) to attack A. stigma, A. uirginiensis, A. senatoria and numerous other hosts in Satumiidae and other lepidopterous families. In Anisota very young larvae are attacked. In the second or third instar the host dies and its dried skin is fastened to a leaf or stem by the parasite larva within which it spins its cocoon within the host (figured by Felt, 1930). In Baton Rouge we found the incidence of parasitism to be extremely high and encountered no hyperparasitism. The following species of Ichneumonidae are hyperparasites of H. fugitivus: Gelis tenellus (Say) in A. peigleri from Hendersonville, North Carolina; Lymeon orbus (Say) in A. fuscosa from Walker Co., Texas; Isdromas lycaenae (Howard) in A. peigleri from Hendersonville, N.C. The last species closely resembles its host, H. fugitivus, but is smaller. The material from North Carolina was given us by David Montross, entomologist at Clemson University. Braconidae Apanteles anisotae Muesebeck. In A. discolor, A. fuscosa, and A. senatoria from Walker Co., Texas and A. fuscosa from Brazos Co., Texas. These small black wasps affect larvae in any instar. When mature, the parasitic larvae emerge and spin light yellow cocoons on the surface of the host. Larger hosts support more parasites but the number rarely exceeds ten. 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 121 Chalcidae Ceratosmicra meteori Burks. This yellow wasp is a solitary hyperparasite of H. fugitivus in A. fuscosa from Brazos and Walker counties, Texas and in A. peigleri from Clemson and Seneca, South Carolina and Hendersonville, North Carolina. R. T. Mitchell has taken both this species and Spilochalcis albifrons (Walsh) as hyperparasites of H. fugitivus in A. senatoria at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center at Laurel, Maryland. Eupelmidae Anastatus reduvii (Howard) (possibly a synonym of A. semiflavidus Gahan). In A. pellucida and A. comularis from White Springs, Florida; in A. consulam from Statesboro, Georgia; and in A. fuscosa, A. discolor, and A. senatoria from Walker Co., Texas. These tiny wasps are ovarian parasites; usually less than half the eggs of an egg mass is attacked. The parasites emerge from the host eggs several days after the larvae of Anisota eclose from the adjacent unaffected ova. This is because the parasites must develop through a larval and pupal stage within the host egg. There is only one parasite per host egg. Beal (1952) reported a species of Anastatus in A. senatoria [A. peigleri ?] in North Carolina. The wasps also attack ova (the overwintering stage) of satumiids in the genus Hemileuca (Watts & Everett, 1976). Eulophidae Horismenus floridanus (Ashmead). This is a solitary hyperparasite in Apanteles anisotae from Walker Co,, Texas. It emerges from the side of the cocoon, whereas adults of Apanteles exit from the end of their cocoon. The females of H. floridanus oviposit in the larva of Anisota, this being clear because the hyperparasites emerged from Apanteles which had emerged from their host and pupated in the lab (unexposed). Tetrastichus sp. or spp. In Anisota from Walker Co., Texas and in A. peigleri from GreenviUe, South Carolina. The minute wasps are egg parasites much like A. reduvii. They can be stramineous or black but this color difference may be sexual rather than taxonomic. Hitchcock (1961b) records these parasites from A. senatoria in Connecticut. Perilampidae Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. In A. senatoria from Laurel, Maryland (R. T. Mitchell). This larval parasite is metallic blue and about 4 mm long. Apparently is a solitaiy endoparasite killing half-grown larvae. Most parasites attacking Anisota are not host-specific to the genus. Many have geographical distributions wider than the individual species of Anisota, thus attacking the different host species in different parts of their (the parasites’) range. Some species of Cratichneumon (Ichneumonidae) are also recorded as parasites in Anisota (Hitchcock, 1961c; Heinrich, 1977). Voucher specimens for most of our above records are in the USNM and other museums. John Abbot An early pioneer naturalist and artist of Georgia was John Abbot (1751-1840?) who sent countless specimens and paintings of these to European museums and collectors. Excellent biographical treatments are given by Coulboum (1973) and Harris (1972); the latter also provides a bibliography on sources about Abbot’s life. Before leaving England at the age of 22, Abbot had made the acquaintance of the 122 J. Res. Lepid. entomologist Mr. Dm Dmry. After settling in Georgia in 1776 Abbot sent many life- sized colored illustrations of insects to such persons as Dr. J. A. Boisduval of Paris and Dr. James Edward Smith of England. Two species of Anisota were figured as new in the book by Smith: The Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia published in 1797. Smith used some of Abbot’s drawings in his book with appropriate credit to the artist, and this is why the authorship of many Lepidoptera (including A. senatoria and A. pellucida) is sometimes seen in the literature as “Abbot & Smith”. Although Abbot lived in Georgia in Burke County (a part of which later became Screven County) and also in Bulloch County, we cannot do more than assume type localities for taxa described and figured in Smith’s book. There is even the possibility that some specimens Abbot used as models for his paintings originated from areas outside of Georgia. Other taxonomic problems created by this book include the fact that some plates contain larvae of one species mixed with adults of related species (Riotte, 1972: 11 and Ferguson, 1978: 82), and the fact that the drawings, however elegant, must be interpreted as diagramatic at best and should not be given the favor that systematists would afford color photographs. Colors on the plates differ from copy to copy which was a main reason for creation of the synonymy of A. virginiensis sinulis, the material not agreeing with some figures of A. pellucida. Also the copy of Smith’s book in the Carnegie Museum library has very light-colored figures of ''Phalaena stigma'" so that we were at first certain they represented A. consularis (larva, male, and female). Later we decided they probably indeed represent A. stigma upon viewing the differently colored plates in the copy at the CNC in Ottawa. Comments on the correct interpretation of Abbot’s plate of “Phalaena senatoria" are given under our text of that species. We have attempted to overcome these taxonomic difficulties by consulting the original plates for the book in the BMNH and designation of neotypes of the concerned taxa. Treatment of the Species MEXICAN GROUP Anisota assimilis (Druce) Dryocampa assimilis Druce, 1886: 170, pi. 15, fig. 5. Anisota assimilis; Bouvier, 1931: 22; Schuessler, 1936: 212; Draudt, 1930: 814; Hoffman, 1942: 245; Ferguson, 1971: 64; Lemaire, 1976: 47. Anisota leucostygma (not Boisduval, 1872); Draudt, 1930: pi. 142f; Bouvier, 1931: 18 Ipartim); Hoffman, 1942: 245. [Error in determination.] ADULT Male (pL IV, fig. 11): Head, thorax, legs, abdomen reddish brown; fore- and hindwings uniformly reddish brown, more brown on forewing, hindwing more reddish; postmedian line only very slightly marked on both wings on upperside, a little more pronounced on underside; white discal spot small. Underside of wings colored as upperside but lighter. Outer margin slightly rounded in forewing and more so in hindwing. Length of fore wing 21-23 mm (4 specimens measured). Female (pi. IV, fig. 12): Described here for the first time. Head, thorax, abdomen, legs, fore- and hindwings on upper and underside aU almost uniformly lighter or darker fawn colored, with a pinkish tinge on the hindwings; less intensely colored outside postmedian line; no dark scales on wings; postmedian line barely 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 123 Fig. 6. Male genitalia, with aedoeagus removed and alongside: a. A. stigma, b. A. fuscosa, c. A. consularis, d. A. manitobensis, e. A. oslari, f. A. assimilis. perceptible; a little more conspicuous on underside; white discal spot larger than in mcde. Outer margins as in male. Length of forewing 30-35 mm (3 specimens measured). 124 J. Res. Lepid. Head: Laterofrontal suture visible. Frontal protuberance transverse, not promi- nent. Male antenna with 18 rami. Posterior aspect of head not investigated because of rarity of specimens. Legs: Male epiphysis slender, a little longer than half the length of the tibia, densely covered with very short hairs, a few long ones laterally and at apex; empodium as usual, with one moderately long seta; epiphysis in female not found. GENITALIA Male (fig. 6f): Uncus M-shaped, apices heavily chitinized and broadly triangular; gnathos narrowly triangular; valves uneven interiorly, more straight than rounded, ventral part of bifurcation pointed and strongly chitinized; dorsal part of equal length but much wider and blunter than the ventral pointed end; free anellus heart- shaped with broadly rounded apices; saccus very much elongated cephalad into two spoon-shaped structures which are joined together by a bridge. Aedoeagus larger than in other groups, curved, but not as much as in A. virginiensis although very similar; carina as in A. virginiensis, but teeth a bit larger; vesica with one well- developed comutus at the end and a much reduced one in the middle; cephalic margin of proximal end angular (ROM gen. prep. 3-034). Female (fig. 8i): Ovipositor valves of a peculiar shape, much wider at the base than at the apex, apex not rounded but linear; lobuli vaginales high; sterigma of medium height; antrum showing marked relation to A. virginiensis, appearing in lateral view as an oversized oval connection between ostium bursae and bursa copulatrix which is connected by a very short ductus bursae; ostium bursae strongly circumscribed; ductus seminalis connected laterally in first quarter of antrum; bursa copulatrix round; signum, if present, very small, round (ROM gen. prep. 3- 084). EGG Y ellow when deposited, becoming various shades of brown through development. Length 1.7 mm, width 1.5 mm, height 1 mm. LARVA (pi. I, fig. 7) The following description is based on material from R. O. Kendall. Data on earlier instars are too inadequate and fragmentary to give at the present time. Fifth instar: Body, headcapsule, and anal plate beige brown; horns on second thoracic segment smooth with only a few short, thin setae, only slightly clubbed, 5 mm long; on each segment a black saddle from spiracle to spiracle, the width of a segment, sometimes so much expanded that only fragments of the beige brown body color are visible between; on the saddle a pattern of porcelain white smaller and larger ecrescences, the latter with a small seta at the end of each; a subdorsal, supraspiracular and subspiracular row of white thorns with a small seta on top, in some spcimens stronger and more or less blackened; spiracles black; an extended black ring around the outer half of the legs or prolegs, a similar patch on segments without prolegs, with small and medium white ecrescences, the latter ones with a small seta at the end of each; a thin dorsal line; a light beige ventral one; the eighth segment with one subdorso-lateral more prominent thorn on each side; on the ninth segment a dorsal one; length 43 to 47 mm. PUPA (pi. Vn, fig. 10) Dark reddish brown; 25 mm long; stout; cremaster very short; evenly protruding; similar to A. oslari but with a wider base. '• ’ 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 125 DISTRIBUTION From the figures in Draudt (1930) (see discussion below) we have the record of Tamaulipas. Numerous other widespread records show the species to occur from Mexican states bordering the United States south to Chiapas. Since the latter locality (Comitan) is only ca. 50 km from the Guatemala border, the species is probably also present in that country. TYPE MATERIAL The male holotype was collected in Santa Ana, Chihuahua, Mexico by Buchan- Hepbum according to the original description. This specimen was examined by the junior author at the BMNH. The type locality remains unclear because at least five places in Chihuahua are named Santa Ana. BIOLOGY AND REMARKS According to Draudt (1930) a paper by A. Dampf was to be published describing the immature stages, but this paper could not be located and presumably was never published. Although Draudt treated Dampf ’s material as A. leucostygma, the color figures (pi. 142^ leave no doubt that the species was actually A. assimilis. The Dampf material in Draudt’s collection was destroyed in World War II (Franz Daniel, Zool. Samml. Bayerisch. Staates, in litt.). Although Ferguson (1971: 64) remarked that this species is known only from the unique male type, we found numerous specimens avaOable for study as listed under material examined. Inadequate series are available however to clarify apparent differences between northern and southern populations. A series from Chihuahua reared from larvae collected on Quercus grisea by Roy and Connie Kendall agrees well with the holotype, as does the male seen from Durango. Specimens from other localities are larger with less intensely marked postmedian lines in the males, and there exists more variation among the series from Chihuahua. The latter also exhibit more gray clouding in the wings. The nearly mature larvae collected by the Kendalls were found in late September and adults emerged the following summer. Adults from Oaxaca were taken in September, fi’om Chiapas in June, from San Luis Potosi in April and from Veracruz in July. Apparently these scant data suggest the species is univoltine in the northern part of its range and bivoltine in the southern part. The immature stages are herein described and figured for the first time. MATERIAL EXAMINED MEXICO. CHIAPAS: Comitan (Lemaire Coll., Peigler Coll, ROM, all ex Lemaire Coll.). CHIHUAHUA: Santa Ana (BMNH); near Creel, 2200 m (Kendall Coll., Lemaire Coll, Peigler Coll, all ex Kendall Coll). DURANGO: near Durango City (BMNH). OAXACA: no additional locality data (Lemaire Coll). SAN LUIS POTOSI: Posada El Sol, Tamazunchale (IBM), Tamazunchale (AMNH, UCal). VERACRUZ: Poza Rica (UCal). Examined 20+ males, 30+ females; dissected 3 males, 1 female. Anisota dissimilis (Boisduval) Adelocephala dissimilis Boisduval, 1872: 93. Dryocampa dissimilis; Druce, 1886: 170, pi. 15; Kirby, 1892: 740. Anisota dissimilis; Packard, 1905: 116; Bouvier, 1927: 273; ibid., 1931: 21; Schuessler, 1936: 212; Draudt, 1930: 814, pi 142g; Hoffmann, 1942: 245; 126 J. Res. Lepid. Ferguson, 1971: 64; Lemaire, 1976: 48. Anisota suprema Hemy Edwards, 1884: 16; Schaus, 1884: 102 (larva); Druce 1897: 4 15; Packard, 1905: 115,pl. 19,figs. 7, 7a; Bouvier, 1927: 273; Schuessler, 1936: 218; s5mon3unized by Draudt, 1930: 814; type locality: Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. ADULT Male (pi. ni, fig. 10): Head and thorax mahogany brown; abdomen blackish brown; legs blackish; basal area of forewings and posterior tuft of abdomen mahogany brown; terminal area with purplish overtone; venation on forewings blackish; hindwings dark blackish brown; postmedian line blackish, well-marked on forewings only; white discal spot medium sized; underside of all four wings alike, with reddish mahogany basal areas, terminal area with purplish overtone; post- median line and venation well-pronounced and blackish on all wings. Outer margin of forewings slightly rounded, of hindwings rounded. Length of forewing 22-27 mm (12 measured). In some specimens the hindwings are not as deeply colored as usual; in these the venation shows up in the normal darker coloration. Female (pi. HI, fig. 11): Much lighter colored; head and thorax ochreous brown; abdomen blackish brown, the segments outlined in ochreous brown; legs blackish; forewings leathery brown, or orange to yellowish brown; hindwings suffused slightly with color of male hindwings in much diluted form or with a pinkish hue; venation on forewings reddish brown, on hindwings blackish; postmedian Une well-marked on all wings, blackish; white discal spot larger than in male; underside of both wings with basal area rosy brown, terminal area like hindwings above, postmedian lines broad and blackish. Outer margin as in male. Length of forewing 32-37 mm (23 measured). Head: Laterofrontal suture strongly visible. Frontal protuberance transverse, insignificant. Male antenna with 18 rami. Posterior aspect of head showing well- developed short triangular lateral projections, apex straight. Legs: Epiphysis found only in male, very thin, length % that of tibia, rod-shaped, covered with extremely short hairs at apex, with some long ones marginally. GENITALIA Male (fig. 10a): Uncus distinctly M-shaped, straight laterally, two separate sclerotized elevations on each arm; gnathos broad, triangular shield with straight lateral sides cephalad; valves of the usual form with specific peculiarities, ventral part of bifurcation a sharp, heavily chitinized thorn, dorsal one a bit longer, much wider; free anellus a wide evenly-shaped heart crescent with very short apices. Aedoeagus only weakly chitinized, straight and short, carina without comuti; vesica also short but with comuti, one in middle, the other minutely serrate and at the apex. (Gen. prep. no. 349 Michener, AMNH). Female (fig. 10b): Ovipositor valves rounded at apex; lobuli vaginales very low, sterigma as usual; antmm short, ending in an irregular triangular shape; ductus bursae bent abruptly laterad at half length, then again cephalad where oblong bursa copulatrix is attached; no signum; ductus seminalis connected at beginning of antram, ventro-medially (unusual). (Gen. prep, no. 350 Michener, AMNH). EGG Unknown to us. 19(3); 101-180, 1980(81) 127 LARVA No specimens were available for the present study, nor do any illustrations exist, Tlie following description is summarized from Schaus (1884). Length ca. 60 mm; head, mesothoracic segment and anal segment yellow; other segments black dorsaUy, the metathoracic one having a yellowish subdorsal line; mesothoracic segment also mrked with four small black spots dorsally and one laterally. Beginning on the metathoracic segment four dorsal rows and one lateral row of short pointed black spines occur. The two inner dorsal spines on the metathoracic segment are, on the contraiy, long and blunt at the tips; small patches of white spots on thoracic segments; color of first three abdominal segments yellow, the following ones reddish brown; black spots between abdominal segments; prolegs yellowish; abdominal segments 2, 3, and 4 yeUow ventrally, the succeeding ones having a yellow line; “centrally and exteriorly a large black spot”. Anal segment covered with spiny ecrescences. Young larvae differ in being greenish black dorsally and without the patches of white spots. PUPA (pi. Vn, fig. 11) Two dried pupae were available for study. End of pupa gradually tapering; cremaster long, bifurcated; bifurcation short and strong; on both sides of thorax a patch of very heavy sclerotization with irregularly arranged pits; form of patch and arrangement of holes seem to be specific but more pupae should be studied. DISTRIBUTION Aside from the records given below under material we examined, there is the additional one of Guatemala (Bouvier, 1931: 21) and the remarks of Hoffmann (1942): “Tierras fria y templada de Veracruz, Montanas de Hidalgo, Puebla y Oaxaca. Sierra Volcanica Transversal. Guanajuato. Durango.” TYPE MATERIAL Type locality: Oaxaca, Mexico (not specified as to Oaxaca State or Oaxaca City). We have seen the pair of cotypes from the Boisduval collection in the MNHN in Paris. We herein designate the male as lectotype and the female paralectotype. The holotype male of A. suprema we have seen in the AMNH. BIOLOGY AND REMARKS The food was reported to be oak (Schaus, 1884). The insect is widespread in central and southern Mexico at moderate to high elevations and probably extends into Guatemala. It is said to be abundant at Jalapa (Packard, 1905), but the junior author failed to find it there on a brief trip through that area. It is not possible to say much about the flight times since the few records are widely scattered geographically. Records for Chiapas of March, May, June, and July suggest two broods. Also it has been taken in Chimalapa in September, in Jalapa in May, and in Zacualpan in June. The species is probably not sympatric with its ally to the north, A. punctata. A male from Jalapa (pi. HI, fig. 12) in the MHNM from the Roberto Mueller collection is unusually suffused with black. It appears more normal underneath. Good colored figures of both sexes are given by Packard (1905), Druce (1886), and Draudt (1930). As we stated under “Intrageneric Classification and Phylogeny” this species appears to be the most primitive species in the genus, the geographical distribution supporting this idea. 128 J. Res. Lepid. The abdomen has a blackish coloring of scales but the intersegmental membranes are bright orange. Several satumiids in the Hemileucinae (e.g., Dirphia, Molippa, etc.) show this warning coloration of orange and dark stripes, curling the abdomen when disturbed to expose the orange. MATERIAL EXAMINED MEXICO. CHIAPAS: Rancho San Ramon near Mun Ochuc (= Oxchuc) (LACM, Lemaire Coll., Peigler Coll). DURANGO: Chilpancingo Palos Colorados (AMNH). DISTRITO FEDERAL: Mexico City (AMNH). HIDALGO: Zacual- pan (AMNH, ROM). OAXACA: (AMNH, ROM, MNHN), Chimalapa (Lemaire CoU.). PUEBLA: “ManzaniUa” (AMNH), Coatepec (USNM). VERACRUZ: Jalapa (— Xalapa) (AMNH, MHNM), Mirador (ranch of R. Mueller near Cordoba) (MHNM), Orizaba (USNM). Examined 15 males, 27 females, used pair of dissections of Michener (AMNH). Anisota oslari W. Rothschild Anisota oslari Rothschild, 1907: 432; Jordan, 1908: pi. 10: 13; Bouvier, 1931; 19; Schuessler, 1936: 212; Draudt, 1930: 814; Hoffmann, 1942: 245; Ferguson, 1971: 78; Lemaire, 1976: 47. Anisota skinneri Biederman, 1908: 77; Barnes and McDunnough, 1910: 400 (biology); - synonymized: Barnes and McDunnough, 1917: 28; type locality: “Arizona”. Anisota neomexicana Brehme, 1909: 324; synonymized: Barnes and McDun- nough, 1917: 28; type locality: Fort Wingate, New Mexico. ADULT Male (pi. IV, fig. 9): Head, thorax, abdomen orange -ochreous; legs wine-red; forewings dark reddish mahogany; no hyaline patch; hindwings deep wine-red; postmedian line very slightly marked; white discal spot variable in size; forewings .triangular with an acute apex; underside of both wings wine-red, darker in forewing basal area; lighter apically. Outer margin of both wings usually rather straight. Length of forewing 23-29 mm (12 specimens measured). Female (pi. FV, fig. 10): Head, thorax, abdomen, legs light ochreous brown; forewings beige; hindwings light wine with mauve tinge; postmedian line broad and slate colored; white discal spot variable in size; underside of wings beige with mauve tinge, basal area of forewings with light wine-red shading. Outer margin of wings rounded. Length of forewing 30-41 mm (11 specimens measured). Head: Laterofrontal suture visible. Frontal protuberance transverse, not promi- nent but somewhat more produced than in the other species of the group. Male antenna with 19 rami. Posterior aspect of head shows a scalloped outline; one well developed lateral process together with one large rounded process differentiates A. oslari from all other species of the genus. Legs: Epiphysis slender, half as long as tibia, densely covered with very short hairs, laterally and at apex a few longer ones; observed only in the male. Empodium with one tubercle bearing a medium-sized seta. GENITALIA Male (fig. 6a): Uncus quite broadly M-shaped, apices heavily sclerotized; gnathos broad with rounded apex, margins somewhat sinuate; midsection of lateral margin of valves curved, upper and lower sections straight; parts of bifurcation of 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 129 unequal length, dorsal part not chitinized, much wider than ventral ones; free annellus a heart shaped crescent, Aedoeagus very short, straight, carina with a small tooth on ventral edge; vesica with one well-developed comutus at mid-length; the usually strong comutus at apex mdimentary, a very slight chitinization of edges of triangular apex so that A. oslari has only one real comutus on vesica. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-032). Female (fig. 8h): Ovipositor valves broadly rounded, whole stmcture large, “angular”; lobuli vaginales as in A. finlaysoni; sterigma more straight; antrum absent; ductus bursae not chitinized, making an abmpt 90° turn laterally where bursa connected; ductus seminalis connected in upper fifth of ductus bursae laterally. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-038). EGG Smooth, flatly elliptical, pale yellow, 2 mm by 1.8 mm by 1.2 mm; hatching after about 14 days. LARVA (pL I, fig. 8) The following is taken from Bames and McDunnough (1910): First instar: Body at hatching yellowish, later greenish-grey, legs black. Length 3 mm. Second instar: Head red, body olive brown, turning later red-brown; skin granulated; all tubercles and spines shiny black. Homs on second thoracic segment 2.3 mm long, covered with minute bristles, apex slightly bifurcate. Spiracles black, legs black. Length 9 mm. Third instar; Head orange-red with fine network of darker lines, sparsely covered with very minute setae. Body brick-red. Skin granulated with a well developed lateral fold. Homs on second thoracic segment slightly recurved, 5.5 mm long. Spiracles black; legs black. Length 19 mm. Fourth instar: Head and body as in previous instar. Mesothoracic horns 8 mm. Spiracles, prolegs black. Length 38-50 mm, presumably according to the sex. Fifth instar: Head reddish-brown, shiny; body dark brick-red, very strongly granulated, with broken yellow subdorsal and spiracular stripes, the latter being chiefly confined to a yellow patch about spiracle. Homs on mesothorax only 5.5 mm. Spiracles black; legs pale red. Length 50-65 mm. Material in alcohol from Texas received from R. O. Kendall and from Arizona received from E. M. Brown was used to verify this description. Headcapsule shown in fig. 4e, suranal plate in fig. 2e. PUPA (pi. Vm, fig. 3) Material from Texas and from Arizona was available for study. Dark brown; posterior end gradually narrowing, margins proceeding smoothly from segment to segment; cremaster long, bifurcated; parts of bifurcation thin and longer than in A. dissimilis; the patches on the mesothorax have a different form and pattern of shallow pits than in A. dissimilis. DISTRIBUTION The species is known from southeastern Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas and Sonora. In fact it seems that A. oslari, as so many other Lepidoptera found in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, has its origin in Mexico. Ferguson (197 1) says that Texas specimens were of a more recent date, however, in AMNH there is a female specimen from Sunny Glen Ranch, 1500 m, Brewster Co., Texas, collected on 10 June 1926. In the same collection is also a male and a female with the label 130 J. Res. Lepid. “Janeiro” and no other data from the Frank Johnson collection. This locality could not be identified. TYPE MATERIAL Type locality: Nogales, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Additional type data: des- cribed from 2 females obtained by E. J. Oslar in July 1903 “from chrysalids dug from the roots of the century or mescal plant”. Location of cotypes: British Museum (Nat. Hist.). We hereby designate one female (dated 10 July 1903) as lectotype and the other as paralectotype; these specimens were examined by the junior author. For A. skinneri a lectotype was designated by Ferguson (1971); it is the specimen which was labelled as the male type in USNM. For A. neomexicana a lectotype was selected with F. H. Rindge from among the cotypes in AMNH and is hereby designated: male. New Mexico, 28 June, no year, ex coll. J. A. Grossbeck. BIOLOGY AND REMARKS Ferguson (1971: 79) suggested that A. oslari might be a junior synonym of A. assimilis but the true identity of the latter species was uncertain to him. Ample material of A. assimilis is now available to clarify this uncertainty, Earll M. Brown of San Diego has reared larvae of A. oslari from Arizona on Quercus kelloggii in California. According to Biederman (1908) the food is “black (live) oak”, but we are unsure which oak species was meant. Larvae can probably be collected on most oaks where the moth occurs. As far as we know, our figure of the larva is the first one to be published. The males are diurnal, flying during midday. Although they lack transparent patches on the forewings, they are undoubtedly effective mimics of wasps with their rapid flight and reddish orange coloration. The females are nocturnal and attracted to light. There is one generation annually, with adults flying in late summer or early faO, and larvae found in late fall. Reared material may emerge in early summer. The males show several color forms from light mauve (as in females) to dark wine (as figured) and dark slate gray. Usually, the forewings and hindwings differ slightly in color, in both sexes. The color forms coincide to those of A. assimilis. The male and female figured by Ferguson (1971: pi. 5, figs. 25, 26) are very typical representatives for the species. MATERIAL EXAMINED MEXICO. SONORA: not seen, reported by Hoffmann, 1942. UNITED STATES. ARIZONA: no other data (AMNH, CalAcSci); Garces (CM); Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains (LACM); Nogales (CalAcSci, LACM); Palmerlee (CM); Pena Blanca Lake, Santa Cruz County (BPBM, Peigler Coll., ROM); Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz County, S. of Patagonia (LACM); Sunnyside, Huachuca Mountains (LACM); Texas Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains (CNC). NEW MEXICO: no other data (AMNH, CalAcSci, FMNH, ROM); Fort Wingate (AMNH, CM, CNC, FMNH, LACM, USNM); Frijoles Canyon (AMNH); Jenny Springs (CM); Jimez Springs (CNC). TEXAS: Fort Davis (USNM); Musquiz Canyon, Jeff Davis County (ROM); Nickel Creek, Guadelupe Mountains (USNM); Sunny Glen Ranch (AMNH). Examined 58 males, 64 females, dissected 1 male and 2 females. 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 131 Anisota punctata Riotte & Peigler, New Species Anisota punctata Riotte & Peigler, 1980: on this page. ADULT Male: unknown. It is expected that the male is nocturnal and resembles the male of A. dissimilis somewhat in appearance, but with many small dark spots on all wings. Female (pi. HI, figs. 8-9): Head, thorax, abdomen below ochreous brown, legs with a purplish hue; abdomen above with an olive hue; forewings leathery brown with numerous large spots of dark scales; hindwings purplish pink with some dark scales and a slight marginal border of leathery brown; postmedian line straight, very well perceptible on both wings, dark mauve; white discal spot very large; underside of wings rosy brown with strong sprinkling of black spots, especially apically on forewing and entire hindwings. Outer margin of forewings straight, of hindwings only slightly rounded. Length of forewing 37 mm. Specimen not dissected because it is unique. EGG, LARVA, PUPA Unknown. DISTRIBUTION Known only from the type locality but probably occurring in other northern Mexican states at appropriate elevations in the same mountain range. TYPE MATERIAL Type locality: 27 km west of Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Known only from the single holotype female collected at this locality on 23 July 1976 at 2 100 hrs by R. S. Peigler. The holotype is deposited in the AMNH in New York City. BIOLOGY AND REMARKS The holotype was collected on a trip into Mexico sponsored by the Entomology Department of Texas A&M University, of which the junior author was a member. On 23 July 1976 an ultraviolet light in conjunction with a Coleman lantern was run on a sheet and the moth arrived at this light source two hours after sunset. No other specimens of Anisota were collected on the entire trip. The female was kept aMve in a jar with oak leaves but died the following evening, unfortunately without depositing any ova. The following summer the junior author returned to the same locality and ran the same lights for three consecutive nights (22-24 July 1977) but no additional specimens were obtained. That season had been unusually dry; a stream alongside the collecting site was dry, whereas it had been flowing in July 1976. Several species of Satumiidae and Sphingidae taken there in 1976 were not seen in 1977. The habitat of the type locality is forested. It lies in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Pressed specimens of the oaks growing at the type locality were sent to John M. Tucker, Department of Botany, University of California, Davis, California. Dr. Tucker, an authority on New World oaks, made the following determinations: Note Added in press: The LACM has a female of this new species, apparently recently donated, which is said to agree entirely with our figures of the holotype. The data for the specimen are: MEXICO, San Luis Potosi, Ei Narzanjo, 4 August 1975, Terry W. Taylor. There is not time to borrow the specimen and designate it a paratype before publication. 132 J. Res. Lepid. Quercus canbyi TreL, Q. fusiformis Small, Q. polymorpha Schl. & Cham. The first species has a high density in the area and with its large, tender, non-pubescent leaves, may be the primary host of A. punctata. PELLUCIDA GROUP Anisota discolor Ferguson New Status Anisota virginiensis discolor Ferguson, 1971: 83; Lemaire, 1976: 47. ADULT Male (pi. IV, fig. 6): Sexual dimorphism strongly developed. Head, abdomen, fore- and hind wings above sepia brown with a very slight purplish hue apically on the forewings; head, abdomen, legs, fore- and hindwings beneath predominantly of a greenish brass color, however, on the forewings apically and on the hindwings along the postmedian line and from wingbase to tomus purplish shades, on the forewings the veins are conspicuously overlaid by the greenish brass color; sprinkling with dark scales not observed in this species of the group; postmedian line on the forewings well, on the hindwings only slightly perceptible; hyaline patch not very extended; white discal spot medium sized; outer margin of forewings rounded, of hindwings almost straight. Length of forewing 18 mm (10 specimens measured). Female (pi. IV, fig. 5): Head, abdomen, fore- and hindwings above almost unicolorous fawn with only very slightly purplish apically (fresh specimens tend to have a greenish shade over the entire wings); head, abdomen and legs beneath orange; fore- and hindwings beneath basically light purplish, strongly overlaid with greenish, ochreous orange; postmedian lines on both wings, above and beneath, well marked, purplish; white discal spot medium sized; only very few and very small dark scales on the forewings above costaUy; outer margin of forewings slightly, of hindwings strongly rounded. Length of forewing 27 mm (10 specimens measured). Head: Laterofrontal suture very conspicuous, wide; frontal protuberance well developed and protruding. Male antenna with 14 to 15 rami. Posterior aspect of head pentagonal, laterally one conspicuous, round process. Legs: Epiphysis dorsally strongly convex, ventrally straight, ending in point, covered with very short bristles, length little more than half of tibia. Epiphysis may be different in one and the same specimen on left and right leg, dorsally and ventrally straight and of even width, ending in blunt ending, length a little less than half of tibia; in some specimens epiphysis may be rudimentary, very thin, hardly half length of tibia; not observed in female; empodium one tubercle with slender thin seta; at end of anterior tibia spines normally developed, i.e., one strong one and one lesser. GENITALIA Male (fig. 7f): Squarish; uncus wide M; gnathos sometimes with waving sides. Mostly a very broad round shield; bifurcations of equal length; interior angle of valve pointedly elongated; free annellus long, round tube with somewhat heart- formed opening; aedoeagus rounded, more narrow than in A. virginiensis but a little wider than in A. pellucida; proximal end straight; carina prolongation of main body of aedoeagus; row of small teeth on carina; vesica with very prominent apical cornutus with teethed edge; there was no small, rudimentary second sclerite in 6 dissected males from Texas, however, such sclerite was often found in specimens of 19(3): 10M80, 1980(81) 133 A. virginiemis from Pennsylvania. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-164). Female (fig. 9d): Ovipositor valves tapering off apically, of unusual form; lobuli postvagmales high, antevaginales very low; antrum like strong triangular funnel, connecting ostium bursae and strong, short, slightly oblique ductus bursae which has in its first third laterally strongly sclerotized ecrescenses; ductus seminalis attached at beginning of ductus bursae posterior-laterally; bursa copulatrix very slightly bent off ductus bursae, rounded oval, no signum, covered with fine network. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-061). EGG (The foUowing descriptions of egg and larvae—first to fourth instar— by C. Lemaire). Yellow changing into orange and brown. LARVA (pL I. fig. 12) First instar: Body color yellowish green, slightly blackish; very near to second instar of A. senatona; headcapsule and thoracic legs black. Second instar: Body color dingy greeiysh-yeUowish; headcapsule and thoracic legs black. Third instar: Body color dark olive brown; headcapsule beige-brown; thoracic legs black; prolegs olive; subdorsal and supraspiracular lines rose brown; two very slight infraspiracular whitish lines. Fourth instar: Body color blackish brown; headcapsule beige-brown; thoracic legs greenish with black apex; prolegs olive black; white granulation not dense over body; subdorsal and infraspiracular lines purplish brown. Fifth instar: Body color beige-brown; headcapsule, anal plate, thoracic legs of same color; white granulation not too dense over body; dorsal line purplish brown; of same color also wider subdorsal, supraspiracular and subspiracular bands; a spiracular waved line of same color; spiracles black with no border; horns on thoracic segment II clubbed, 8 mm long; length of fifth instar larva 42 mm. Headcapsule shown in fig, 5f, suranai plate in fig. 3f. PUPA (pL vm, fig. 2) Blackish brown, similar to that of A. virginiemis but the bifurcation perceptibly straighter and longer, even more so than in A. pellucida. DISTRIBUTION This species was recently described from a series of specimens from several localities in eastern Texas. We now have records from Oklahoma (from P. Loy) and Louisiana (from R. 0, Kendall); the species is probably only present in the western parts of Louisiana since we found it was replaced by A. pellucida at Choudrant and Baton Rouge. It is recorded in Texas as far northwest as Hamilton and as far southwest as Giddings. It is commoner than either A. fuscosa or A. senatoria in the grassland prairies between the Edwards Plateau and the forested areas of eastern Texas. TYPE MATERIAL Type locality: Spring, Harris County, Texas. Location of type: United States National Museum, type no. 71496. Additional type data: female holotype, labelled Spring, Harris County, Texas, 27 August 1963, A. and M. E. Blanchard. BIOLOGY AND REMARKS There are two generations per year but the main one is the later one. Many overwintering pupae probably do not produce adults until the flight time of the 134 J. Res. Lepid. second brood. These flight times occur in late June to July and late August through aU of September. Larvae can be coUected easily in eastern Texas from late September to early November, some years more commonly found. The male fUes at midday. Their coloration is a smoky brown somewhat as males of A. finlaysoni but with more robust and thickly scaled wings. Some with the wine red coloring of A. pellucida occur occasionally. One male was attracted to a calling female in College Station, Texas, on 31 August 1978 at 1240 hrs (CDT). A diurnal sphingid {Hemaris sp.) also appeared but an attempt to capture it failed. This attraction was not surprising because Dominick (1974) had similar experiences with males of the sphingid Amphion nessus (Cramer) coming to females of A. pellucida in South Carolina. In the females there is much more color variation than in either A. pellucida or A. virginkmis. Soine are reddish or orangish as in those two species but most are “coffee-with-cream” colored. The postmedian area may be very purplish or scarcely contrasting from the median area. Records for foodplants include Quercus nigra in Giddings, Q. macrocarpa in Hamilton, Q. stellata most often in College Station, and in eastern Texas usually the same oaks selected in the Atlantic States by other Anisota, namely Q. velutina, Q. nigra, and Q. falcata but also Q. marilandica. Although Q. virginiana grows commonly in College Station, no larvae of Anisota have been found on it by the junior author in three seasons. MATERIAL EXAMINED UNITED STATES. LOUISIANA: no other data (CalAcSci); Vernon Parish (Kendall Coll). OKLAHOMA: Claremore, Rogers Co. (AMNH), TEXAS: no other data (AMNH); Anderson Co. (Larva) (TAMU); Beaumont (LACM, TAMU); College Station (AMNH, BPBM, LACM, Lemaire Coll., Peigler ColL, ROM, TAMU, USNM); Giddings (LACM); Hamilton (AMNH); Houston (USNM); Hunts- ville State Park (LACM); Kamack (MSU); New Waverly (USNM); San Jacinto Co. (LACM); Spring (USNM); Stubblefield Lake in Walker Co. (AMNH, BMNH, BPBM, CNC, Peigler Coll., ROM); Town Bluff (USNM). Examined long series of males and females, dissected 5 males and 4 females. Anisota leucostygma Boisduval Adelocephala leucostygma Boisduval, 1872: 85. Adelocephala leucostigma; Druce, 1886: 171. Anisota kucostygma; Bouvier, 1927: 273; ibid., 1931: 18; Draudt, 1930: 813; Hoffmann, 1942: 245; Ferguson, 1971: 64; Lemaire, 1976: 47. ADULT Male: unknown. It is expected to be diurnal. Female (pi. IV, fig. 8): Head and thorax reddish orange; legs and abdomen lighter orange; forewings reddish orange interiorly of postmedian line, golden brown with a very light hue of slate color exteriorly of postmedian line; this line very well developed on both wings; white discal spot large (as name implies); hindwings reddish orange; only sprinkled slightly with dark scales on apical area of forewings; underside of wings reddish orange. Outer margin of both wings evenly rounded. Length of forewing 3 1 mm. GENITALIA Female (fig. 8g): Ovipositor valves not too large; sterigma very wide; lamellae 19(3): 101480, 1980(81) 135 postvaginaies not too Hgh; lamellae antevaginales laterally strongly expressed, not too higti; ostium bursae not very wide, reaching into ductus bursae like hook (see illustration); antram not too pronounced; ductus bursae caudaliy becoming very wide, narrowing considerably cephalad before bursa copuiatiix wdiich is round and attached without turn; signnm small, round; surface of bursa copuiatiix with net- Hke pattern; apophyses very strongly developed; ductus seminaiis attaching at dorsal side of antram. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-082, now in Paiis Museum), EGG, LARVA, PUPA Unknown. DISTRIBUTION Boisduval (1872: 86) says: “Nous avons recu cette espece de Guatemala et d'Oaxaca”. The specimen described above is the only one extent. It has no locality label, except BoisduvaFs first identification label stating only “Mexique”. TYPE MATERIAL The one extant specimen passed through the collections of Charles Oberthuer and Philipon before becoming permanent property of the MNHN in Paris. Bouvier (1931: 18) declares: “Dtepres Charles Oberthuer, la femelle de la collection Philipon est le type meine de leucostygma; elle porte Fetiquette suivante ecrite de la main de Boisduval: '’Adelocephala sfygrna-, Mexique.” Dans sa description, en effet, Boisduval rapproche son espece de stigma.” What Bouvier did we would call today the “designation of a lectotype”, and with this the case may rest. The labels on the specimen read: 1) handwriting ol Boisduval: Adelocephala Stygma B Mexique; 2) handwriting of Oberthuei: Adelocephala Leucostygma, Boisdiiv. (AimaL Soc. Entom. Belgique, 1871-72, pages 85, 86, femelle, typiciim specimen Boisduvalianum; 3) handwriting of Bouvier. Anisota leucostygma Boisd. femelle type + printed: E. L. Bouvier + handwritten: ver.(ifiedj. REMARKS If there were not the unmistakable assertion of Oberthuer and the declaration of Bouvier for the identity of A. leucostygma, and if the genitalia of the unique specimen were not so impressively different from those of the three other species belonging to the same group, one could perhaps understand that entomologists are tempted to consider A. leucostygma as a mislabeUed specimen from somewhere in the southern United States. How^eveiv one has to be very careful with unique specimeng, A. punctata is a unique female from Mexico, too, and A. assimilis was until very recently a unique male from Mexico in the British Museum (N.H.). In the lattei case various negative suppositions had been aired but finally the species was abundantly relocated in Chihuahua. Tins may very well happen to „4. leucostygma. One should also considei the fact that the specimen has on the original Boisduval label as locality only “Ivfexique”, and that at the time when the specimen came into the possession of Boisduval, about the middle of the 19th century, Mexico was still commonly understood by Euiopeans to extend much farther to the north than now and to covw aU of Spanish speaking North America. We might disregai d the locality designations in BoisduvaFs original description: Guatemala and O’axaca. Also here political boundaries in those days weie other than they are now. The southern states of today Mexico did belong to Guatemala. As fai' as then Oaxaca is concerned Boisduval may have been influenced by the locality from wRere he received Ms Adelocephala dissimUis (1871: 93), but one should not doubt his handwTitteii label 136 J. Res. Lepid. “Mexique” (sensu lato). One should here consider other cases of “unbelievable” species, like the Hawaiian hawkmoth Tinostoma smaragditis (Meyrick) which, because it just looked so strange, was green like Eumorpha labruscae from Brazil, was by later workers suspected not to be Hawaiian at all but was thought to have been sent in the mail from Brazil to Hawaii and then given to Perkins who, however, expressly says that he received the specimen from persons who had found it in their house on Kaua’i. Today, also very recently, several specimens of this indigenous insect are known and in collections. Therefore we should have some trust into the solid, early workers, and we can only hope that much better and subsequent collecting in Mexico will finally also turn up again A. leucostygma. Specimens of A. assimilis reared from Tamaulipas by Dampf were assumed by Draudt ( 1 930) to be A. leucostygma but his figures of Dampf’s material (destroyed in war action) clearly show A. assimilis. Bouvier (1931) and Hoffmann (1942) therefore erroneously reported A. leucostygma as being from Tamaulipas. In some of the literature it can be found that Boisduval considered his A. leucostygma to be systematically close to A. stigma. Maybe so, as his handwritten label suggests. However, his original description of A. leucostygma shows that he then changed his mind in the right direction. Druce (1886) reports only briefly about the species which he has not seen from Mexico and Guatemala. Bouvier (1927) then does not mention “Guatemala” anymore. MATERIAL EXAMINED The one extant specimen of A. leucostygma was loaned to the senior author by P. E. C. Viette. It was then dissected and the genitalia show it to be very much distinct. Anisota pellucida (J. E. Smith) Phalaenapellucida J.E. Smith, 11 91: H: 115, pi. 58; - s3monymized: Westwood, 1837. Dryocampa virginiemis; Westwood, 1837: 24, pL 13: 2. Dryocampa pellucida; Harris, 1841: 293. Anisota pellucida; Grote, 1864: 93; Packard, 1864: 385; Lemaire, 1976: 47. Adelocephala pellucida; Boisduval, 1872: 87. Anisota virginiensis; Packard, 1905: 103. Anisota virginiensis sinulis Riotte, 1970: 89; - synonymized: Ferguson, 1971; type locality: Gainesville, Florida. Anisota virginiensis pellucida; Ferguson, 1971: 82. ADULT Male (pi. IV, fig. 3): Sexual dimorphism strongly developed. Head, abdomen above, fore- and hindwings above very dark brownish wine-red; legs, abdomen below dark orange; in many specimens apically sprinkled with dark scales; postmedian line well perceptible on both wings, also on underside; white discal spot small; an ochreous-brown hue can be found on hindwings, thorax and dorsal part of abdomen, it is, however, very often very faint. Underside of hindwings very dark, mostly only at anal angle of hindwings and at costal margin of forewings dark orange-ochreous suffused. Outer margin of both wings in most specimens straight, in some even showing some convexity; anal angle of hindwings only very slightly rounded. Length of forewing 14-16 mm (25 specimens measured). Female (pL IV, fig. 4): Densely scaled; interior field dark orange brown; exterior 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 137 field mauve; head, thorax, abdomen dark orange brown; apically sprinkled with dark scales in many specimens; postmedian line strongly expressed; white discal spot not too large. Outer margin of both wings strongly rounded. Length of forewing 21-28 mm (25 specimens measured). Head: Laterofrontal suture visible. Frontal protuberance reduced. Male anten- na with 12 rami. Posterior aspect of head a smooth ellipsoid without lateral processes and in this quite distinct from other Anisota species. Legs: Epiphysis observed only in males; light colored; slightly less than of length of tibia; convex dorsally; straight laterally; ending in a point; only slightly covered with bristles. Empodium one small tubercle with one thin small seta. At end of anterior tibia only one strong apical spine, no second one. GENITALIA Male (fig. 5d): Uncus W-shaped, wide, apices strongly sclerotized; gnathos a narrow, oblong shield, reminding of a sugar loaf; valves from a very broad base narrowing into unusual long processes; outer margin of valves in the middle strongly bent which renders them hexagonal; interior angle of valve more or less pointed, in some specimens even elongated into a veritable thomlike process. Aedoeagus rounded, short, carina long and wide; at apex with a row of small teeth; vesica with one apical comutus; proximal end narrow and pointed. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-099). Female (fig. 9c): Ovipositor valves not too large, rounded at apex, in dorsal view broader at base, in lateral view very angular, with blackish pigmentation; sterigma wide; lamella postvaginalis low, lamella antevaginalis almost only like margin of ostium bursae; this very wide posteriorly, then narrowing into ductus bursae like funnel; antrum not too pronounced; ductus bursae only slightly sclerotized, cephalad of antrum straight to the left ending in oblong bursa copulatrix; no signum but surface of bursa copulatrix with fine net like pattern; apophyses long and relatively strong; ductus seminalis attaching on dorsal side of antrum. (Gen. prep. ROM 3-053). EGG Orange; 1.1 x 1.4 x 0.8 mm. LARVA (pi. 1. vig. 11) First instar: Body color beige-brown; dark brown broad dorsal stripe; fine spiracular dark brown lines; head blackish brown; thoracic horns smooth, finely bifurcated, black; inferiorly to lateral lines a yellowish patch around the scolus on each segment. Length of first instar larva: 5 mm. Second instar: Body color olivish- brown; darker brown broad dorsal stripe; spiracular lines dark brown; supra- and subspiracular lines yellowish, fine; horns with thorns, finely bifurcated; head very dark reddish cherry brown. Length of second instar larvae: 7 mm. Third instar: Body color dark olive brownish; dorsally darker; spiracular space bordered on both sides by yellowish-whitish broken fine lines; subspiracularly broad outstanding vermillion line (broken at segments); additional little white tubercles (also on suranal plate) everywhere; horns long, with secondary thorns, ends shortly bifurcated; on dorsum in middle thin darker olive line and subdorsally on each segment thin broken vermillion lines; head as before. Length of third instar larva: 12 mm. Fourth instar: No change, except head now light brownish-beige. Length of fourth instar larva: 20 mm. 138 J. Ifes. LepM. PLATE n. 1. Anisota stigma Clemson, South Carolina, reared ex ovo 21 July 1975 by J. C. E. Riotte (ROM). 2. A. stigma 9, Clemson, South Carolina, 7 July 1975, at light, R. S. Peigler and J. W, McCord ^eigler Coll). 3. A. fuscosa d", Leeeville, Louisiana, ex larva 4 August 1960, R. O. & C. A. Kendall (ROM). 4, A. fuscosa 9, same data as fig. 3 except date: 15 August 1960. 5. A. comuhm d, St. Johns County, Florida, reared ex ovo 16 August 1974 by J. C. E. Riotte (ROM). 6. A. consularis 9, Statesboro, Georgia, ex larva on QuercusfalcataSJuly 1976, R. S.Peiglerand J. W. McCord (ROM). 7 A. rrmnitohensis d, Pembina Valley, Manitoba, ex larva, 17 April 1953, F.LS. (ROM). 8. A. manitohemh 9, Waushara County, Wisconsin, 3 July 1936, C. Harrington (ROMexSieker CoU.). 9-10. A. peigleri, d X consularis 9, hybrid pair, Greenville, South Carolina/ Statesboro, Georgia, 22 July 1977 and 17 September 1976, R. S. Peigler (ROM). 11-12. A. virginiemis d X discolor 9, hybrid pair, Pine Grove, Pennsylvania/Hamilton, Texas, 28 June and 20 July 1977, R. S. Peigler (Peigler Coll). PLATE 1. Mature larvae of Anisota. l.A. stigma, Greenville, South Carolina. 2. A. fuscosa, Walker County, Texas. 3. A. consularis, St. Johns County, Florida. 4. A. senatoria, southeastern Michigan, 5. A. finlaysoni, Shannonville, Ontario. 6. A. peigleri, Clemson, South Carolina. 7. A. assimiUs, Creel, Chihuahua. 8. A. oslari, Arizona. 9. A. peigleri d‘ X consularis 9, hybrid. 10. A, virginiemis, Pine Grove, Pennsylvania. 11. A. pellucida, McClellanville, South Carolina. 12. A. discolor, Walker County, Texas. 19(3): 10M8O, 1980(81) 139 N.B. : Plates I and 11 were inadvertantly transposed in the original color printing, and although out of order, they are properly numbered and labelled. 140 J. Res. Lepid. Fifth instar: No change, except for kind of silvery shine because of the many white tubercles aU over body; lateral subdorsal lines a little thicker, vermillion; horns long (7-8 mm), black, somewhat roundly bent, without remarkable secondary thorns, ends no longer bifurcated; spiracular space not bordered anymore by anything. Length of fith instar larva: 35 mm. Headcapsule shown in fig. 5d, suranal plate in fig. 3d. PUPA (pi. Vn, fig. 7) Dark brown; not too spiny; cremaster heavy set, originating from broad base, short and wide, bifurcation long, almost entirely straight, not too pointed. DISTRIBUTION This species ranges from coastal North Carolina deep into the Florida peninsula and across to Louisiana where it becomes parapatric with A. discolor. It is very common in coastal South Carolina through Florida, much less common in the piedmont of the former state. The presumed range into Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina where it probably contacts A. virginiensis needs elucidation. TYPE MATERIAL The name is based on Abbot’s painting in J. E. Smith (1797: pi. 58). As this is only a vague basis for a taxonomic entity in the case concerned because of the extreme variation in the rendition of the plates in the various existing copies of the work in question, it was considered right to designate a neotype. As such was chosen the male holotype of Anisota virginiensis sinulis Riotte and with this the type locality fixed as Gainesville, Florida. Additional type data: taken 22 September 1955 by C. N. Patton in Gainesville, Florida. Location of neotype: Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida. In the said collection is also the female allotype of Anisota virginiensis sinulis Riotte, taken 21 September 1964 by J. W. Perry in Gainesville, Florida. BIOLOGY AND REMARKS The junior author has found larvae on Quercus nigra in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Louisiana. That oak, along with Q. falcata, are favorite hosts throughout much of the range. D. Baggett collected larvae in northeastern Florida on Q. myrtifolia and Q. imbricaria. J. D. Solomon sent us larvae in alcohol from coastal Mississippi collected on Q. nuttallu and Q. lyrata. Larval colonies are small, averaging only about ten individuals by the time the last instar is reached, because females deposit fewer ova at each site than do those of other species groups. The moth is double-brooded throughout its range but the flight times vary considerably with latitude. Records range from 1 1 April at Punta Gorda, Florida, to 3 October at Oneco, Florida, so there might possibly even be a third brood at these lowest latitudes. During the summer the pupal stage lasts only about two weeks. Dominick & Edwards (1971) and Solomon (1971) reported on the circadian sexual activity of the moths. It should be remarked that the larva shown in J. E. Smith (1797: pi. 58) on Q. marilandica definitely represents the present species, although the adults are not well recognizable. MATERIAL EXAMINED UNITED STATES. FLORIDA: no other data (AMHN, CNZ); Eglin (Hilton Coll.; Ft. Meade (FMNH); Gainesville (FSCA, LM, ROM); Indian River (AMNH); 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 141 Fig . 7 . Male genitalia, with aedoeagus removed and alongside: a. A. senatoria, b . A. peigleri, c. A. finlaysoni, d. A. pellucida, e. A. virginiensis, f. A. discolor. Jupiter (AND^H); Largo (CNC); 5 km S. of Leesburg (FMNH); Oneco (AMNH); Orlando (AMNH); Parish (LM); Punta Gorda (FMNH); Swannee River State Pai:k (LM); White Springs (BPBM). GEORGIA: Athens (CLU); Clarke Co. (CLtJ); Emory University (FSCA); Fish Eating Creek (FSCA); Statesboro (BPBM, LACM, 142 J. Res. Lepid. PLATE in. 1, A. peiglen Greenville, South Carolina, attracted 4:30 PM EDT on 7 July 1976 to a female of A. comularis, R. S. Peigler (Peigler Coll.). 2. A. peiglen 9, Clemson, South Carolina, reared ex ovo 12 July 1975 by J. C. E. Riotte (ROM). 3. A. peiglen 9, Clayton, Georgia, ex larva 18 May 1975, on Quercus velutina, R. S. Peigler and J. W. McCord. 4. A. senatoria cf , Neotype, Gibsland, Bienville Parish, Louisiana, 21 August 1976, at light at Interstate 20 rest area, R. S. Peigler (AMNH). 5. A. senatoria 9, same data as fig. 4 peigler Coll). 6-7. A. finlaysoni 9, Kingston, Ontario, 6 and 2 May 1970, J. C. E. Riotte (ROM). 8 -9. A. punctata 9, upperside and underside, holotype, 27 km W Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 23 July 1976, at light, R. S. Peigler (AMH), 10. A. dissimilis 9", Zacualpan, Mexico, June 1915 (ROM ex AMNH). 11. A. dissimilis 9, Oaxaca, Mexico, no date (ROM ex AMNH). 12. A. dissimilis Jalapa, Veracruz, May (MHNN), an unusually melanic male. 19(3): 101-180, 1980(81) 143 PLATE rV. 1. A, virgmiensis cf , Chaff eys Locks, Ontario, reared ex ovo 6 August 1970 by J. C. E. Riotte (ROM). 2. A. virginiensis 9, Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, 22 June 1965 (ROM), 3. A. pellucida cf, holotype of A. virginiensis sinulis, neotype of A. pellucida, Gaines- ville, Florida, 22 September 1955, C. N. Patton (FSCA). 4. A. pellucida 9, McClelianville, South Carolina, reared ex ovo 1 September 1972 by J. C. E. Riotte (ROM). 5-6. A. discolor 9 cf, both College Station, Texas, reared 1976-1977 on Quercus pubescens in France by C. Lemaire (Lemaire Coll.), female in natural resting position. 7. A. discolor 9, Claremore, Rogers County, Oklahoma, 19 August 1977, Peter Loy (AMNH). 8. A. leucostygma 9, lectotype, Oaxaca, Mexico no date (MNHN). 9. A. oslari cf, Pena Blanca Lake, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, reared on Quercus kelloggii by Earll M. Brown and emerged 23 June 1977 (Peigler Coll.). 10. A. oslari 9, Jeff Davis County, Texas, ex larva 13 August 1968, R. 0. & C. A. Kendall (ROM). 11. A. assimilis d‘ near Creel, Chihuahua, Mexico, ca. 2134 m, ex larva on Quercus grisea 26 May and 20 June 1979, R. O. & C. A. Kendall (Kendall Coll.). 12. A. assimilis 9, Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico, June 1963 (ROM ex Lemaire Coll.). 144 J. Res. Lepid. ROM); Stonehenge (CLU). LOUISIANA: no other data (CalAcSci); Baton Rouge (AMNH, LSU, ROM); Edgard (ACM); Harahan (CMZ); L. Charles (AMNH); Pointe Coupee Parish (LSU); Prairieville (BPBM, DPI, LACM, LSU); Sorrento (AMNH); Sunshine (AMNH). MISSISSIPPI: Aditon (ROM); Bovina (AMNH, BMNH, LACM); Clinton (AMNH); Pearl (ROM); Tupelo (LACM); Vicksburg (AMNH, LACM). NORTH CAROLINA: Carteret Co. (AMNH); Fontana (CM); Whiteville (Peigler Coll.). SOUTH CAROLINA: Clemson (LACM, Peigler Coll., ROM); Greenville (Peigler Coll.);