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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOLUME 40
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911
ADVERTISEMENT.
The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of ae series—Proceedings and Bulletins.
The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. A volume is issued annually or oftener for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and, in view of the importance of the more prompt dissemination of new facts, a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of the volume.
The present volume is the fortieth of this series.
The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more elaborate papers, issued separately, and, like the Proceedings based chiefly on the collections of the National Museum.
A quarto form of the Bulletin, known as the ‘‘Special Bulletin,” has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable.
Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as ‘‘Contributions from the National Herbarium,” and containing papers relating to the botan- ical collections of the Museum, have been published as Bulletins.
RicHArD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum.
AveusT 8, 1911.
It
LA BEw, OFSCONTEIN TS,
ANNANDALE, NELson. Fresh-water Sponges in the collec- tion of the United States National Museum—Part V. A new genus proposed, with Heteromeyenia radiospiculata Mills as type-—No. 1839. May 26, 191%" _____-__--.2
New genus: Asteromeyenia.
Bartscu, Paut. New Mollusks of the genus Aclis from the North Atlantic —No. 1829: .May 18, 19111__._.---._- New species: Aclis dalli, A. cubana, A. rush, A. fioridana, A. ver-
rll, A. carolinensis. . The recent and fossil Mollusks of the genus Bit- tium from the west coast of America.—No. 1826. May 2 LO the Soya pe OS ge ee eR
‘New species: Bittiuum (Bittium) panamense, B. (B.) johnstonx, B. (Semibiitium) subplanatum, B. (S.) nicholsn, * (Lirobittium) orna- tissimum, B. (L.) cerralvoense, B. (Semibittium) larum, Bittium oldroydx, B. fetellum, B. giganteum, B. casmaliense, B. arnoldi, B. mexicanum.
New subspecies: Bittiwm (Semibittium) attenuatum boreale, B. (S.) attenuatum latifilosum, B. (Lirobittiwm) catalinense inornatum, B. (L.) munitum munitoide, B. (L.) asperum lomaense.
The recent and fossil Mollusks of the genus Cerith- iopsis from the west coast of America.—No. 1823. May Sy LOU a ae ne bie CPG hs wey epepeea aero.
New species: Cerithiopsis (Corithiopsis) \jatua, Cs (Cironys: °C. (GS) carpenteri, C. (C.) abreojosensis, C. (C.) berryi, C. (C.) galapagensis, C. (C.) cesta, C. (C.) halia, C. (C.) aurea, C. (Cerithiopsina) necro- politana, C. (C.) adamsi, C. (Cerithiopsida) diegensis, C. (C.) row- elli, C. (Cerithiopsidella) antefilosa, C. (C.) alcima, C. curtata, C. fossilis, C. gloriosa, C. paramoea, C. bicolor, C. arnoldi, C. magel- lanica, C. antemunda, C. diomedex, C. montereyensis.
New subspecies: Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsis) stejnegeri dina.
See under Dati, Witt1aAmM HmaLey-_--__-_-__-_-:-
Bran, Barton A., and Atrrep C. Weep. An electric Ray and its young from the west coast of Florida.—-No. 1816. Joos S:, TOI POW RRS se ene
——. Notes on the genus Lepomis.—No. 1824. May 6, ene ah enn OMEE en ene e ee eta cy cl te as Lalit
Page,
593-594
435-438
383-414
327-367
277-288
231-232
369-376
1 Date of publication.
Ill
ea TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Berry, Epwarp W. A revision of several genera of gym- nospermous Plants from the Potomac group in Maryland and Virginia.—No. 1821, -May 8,911 22 ee oe
New combination: Abietites longifolius.
Berry, 8S. Srirtman. Preliminary notices of some new Pacific Cephalopods.—No. 1838. May 31, 19111_____-_-
New species: Cirroteuthis macrope, Eledonella heathi, Polypus cali- fornicus, P. leioderma, Rossia pacifica, Loligo opalescens, Galiteuthis phyllura.
Buscx, Aueusr. Descriptions of tineoid Moths (Micro- lepidoptera) from South America.—No. 1815. April 13, Mb She ah i Nh eae a Oe Ir bt IN RUN Screg a
New genera: Filinota, Hasta, Gonada, Ordupia, Plumana.
New species: Pleurota literatella, Psoricoplera apicepuncta, Filinota hermosella, F. peruviella, Peleopoda maroniella, P. notandella, P. irenella, Hasta argentidorsella, Gonada falculinella, Cryptolechia roseomarginella, Stenoma major, S. io, S. acronitis, S. mendoron, S. nestes, S. trastices, S. apicalis, S. lactis, S. fasciatum, S. venatum, S. gunni, S.comma, S. speratum, 8. salome, S. inscitum, S. thoristes, S. maroni, S. vanis, S.,addon, S. phebe, S. similis, S. demas, S. hamon, Gonioterma rosa, G. anna, G. stella, G. inga, G. emma, G. vita, Olethreutes gerda, Tortrix auriferana, T. parana, Ordupia friserella, Tinea boliviana, Plumana piperatella.
Criarxk, Austin Hopart. The recent Crinoids of the coasts of Africa===No: 1808: “March 15, ehGilet: Samer wee New species: Necomatella, Commissia ignota, Amphimetra africana, Craspedometra ater, C. madagascarensis, Heterometra joubini, H. gravieri, Colobometra chadwicki, Decametra mébiusi, D. modica, D. alaudx, Tropiometra encrinus, Cosmiometra gardineri, Iridometra mauritiana, I. egyptica, Perometra afra. New variety: Oligometra serripinna, var. occidentalis.
The systematic position of the Crinoid genus Marsupites.—No. 1845. June 24, 1911*__._...-._..---
CockERELL, T. D. A. Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum. 2.—No. 1818. April 11, MOV ee 2 See ae Ee |
New species: Halictus nikkoensis, Andrena precociformis, A. rup- shuensis, Coelioxys siamensis, Stelis lowise, Proanthidium kash- garense, Megachile pamirensis, M. ladacensis, M. rupshuensis, Dasypoda japonica, Teiralonia mitsukurii, Anthophora eversa, A. hilgendorfi, A. venerabilis, A. robbi, A. retusiformis, A. melan- ognatha.
New subgenus: Coelioxys (Liothyrpis) apicata.
New subspecies: Megachile sayi paludicola, Anthophora zonata buruensis.
New variety: Anthidium philorum, var. abbotti.
1 Date of publication.
Page.
289-318
589-592
205-230
1-51
649-654
241-264
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Coox, O. F. New tropical Millipeds of the order Merocheta, with an example of kinetic evolution.—No. 1831. May SLL, TGS Ae ie Ul AS ct at Fake hg a
New genera: Jomus, Chatelainea, Apomus.
New species: Jomus incisus, I. platanus, I. obliquus, Chatelainea pterodesmoides, Peridontodesmus purulicus.
New family: Chatelaineide.
Notes on the distribution of Millipeds in southern: Texas, with descriptions of new genera and species from Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and Costa Rica.—No. 1810. Je Oia TUG) 5) Sl SS Wie tf a a oN
New genera: Hurelus, Centrelus, Anelus, Glosselus. New species: Eurelus soleatus, Centrelus falcatus, Onychelus hospes, O. dentatus, O. suturatus, Anelus reduncus, Glosselus musarum.
The hothouse Milliped as a new genus.—No. 1842. meC ION te a = le
New genus: Oxidus. New species: Orthomorpha pococki.
CrawrorpD, J.C. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. 2.— INC STICR UD. VAN Teen Ue ee
New species: Telenomus benefactor, T. kingi, T. gowdeyi, Torymus montserrati, Tanaostigmodes slossonex, T. tetartus, Habrocytus piercet, Zatropis deuterus, Pleurotropis telenomi, Horismenus ballowi, H. apantelivorus, H. cockerelli, Tetrastichus antiquensis, T. ovivorus, Sympiesis felti.
Dati, WitiiAM HEALEY, and Paut Barrscu. New species of Shells from Bermuda.—No. 1820. May 8, 19113____.
New species: Mitra haycocki, Columbella somersiana, Aclis bermu- densis, Turbonilla (Careliopsis) bermudensis, T. (Strioturbonilla) peilei, T. (S.) haycocki, Cerithiopsis movilla, C. ara, C. pesa, C. vicola, C. io, Fissuridea bermudensis, Odostomia (Chrysallida) nioba, Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) bermudensis.
FisHer, Watter K. New genera of Starfishes from the Philippine Islands.—No. 1827. May 17, 19111________-
New genera: Benthogenia, Anthosticte, Pontioceramus, Lithosoma, Atelorias, Hymenasterides.
New species: Benthogenia cribellosa, Anthosticte aulophora, Pontio- ceramus grandis, Lithosoma actinometra, Atelorias anacanthus, Hymenasterides zenognathus.
GOLDBERGER, JOSEPH. A new Trematode (Styphlodora bas- caniensis) with a blind Laurer’s canal.—No.1817. April (ALS TIT a he ee ea ee et a
Page.
451-473
147-167
625-631
439-449
277-288
415-427
233-239
1 Date of publication.
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Ho.uister, N. Remarks on the long-tailed Shrews of the eastern United States, with description of a new species.— INGEAUIS25=. “April 7, VO ld aoe ae
New species: Sorex fontinalis.
Hoven, Watrer. The Hoffman Philip Abyssinian ethno- logical collection.—No. 1819. May 18, 19111______
Kenpati, W. C. Notes upon two rare Flatfishes (Gymna- chirus fasciatus Giinther and G. nudus Kaup).—No. 1814. 72%) 0) ig BE raat 59) ie Sl Va a Nag Soe gee caect lh al SNL
Laney, Francis Baker. The relation of Bornite and Chal- cocite in the copper ores of the Virgilina district of North Carolina and Virginia.—No. 1835. May 31, 1911 1_____-
Lyon, Marcus Warp, Jr. Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Borneo and some of the small adjacent islands.— No; 1800.5 “Ajoril 25 noite: so ae a
New species: Tragulus sebucus, Muntiacus rubidus, Iomys lepidus, Sciurus armalis, S. pelapius, S. lamucotanus, S. datus, 8. siriensis, S. arendsis, S. poliopus, S. marinsularis, Ratufa cothurnata, R. griseicollis, R. vittata, R. vittatula, Epimys sebucus, E. crassus, E. nasutus, E. perflavus, E. saturatus, E. ubecus, E. spatulatus, Gale- opterus borneanus, G. lautensis, G. abbotti, Hipposideros insolens, Emballonura pusilla, Kerivoula bombifrons.
New subspecies: E’pimys neglectus ducis, E. n. lamucotanus, Pyga- thrix rubicunda rubida, Hylobates miilleri albibarbis.
MERRILL, GEorGE P. On the supposed origin of the-Molda- vites and like sporadic glasses from various sources.—No. 1833:. May Sie sO Uo. sad: oe ieee ts he ae
Moopig, Roy L. Two Amphibians, one of them new, from the Carboniferous of Illinois—No. 1828. May 8, 1911 1-
New species: Amphibamus thoracatus.
OBERHOLSER, Harry C. A revision of the forms of the hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus [Linnzus]).—No. 1840); Jumeid4 POUT oe ee
New subspecies: Dryobates villosus leucothorectis, D. v. orius, D. v. icastus, D. v. enissomenus, D. v. hylobatus, D. v. fumeus.
Pierce, W. Dwicutr. Notes on Insects of the order Strep- siptera, with descriptions of new species.—No. 1834. May 17, LOVWH Le LL a Ve. ied) ct a aed
New genera: Belonogastechthrus Tachytixenos, Pentozoe.
New species: Triozocera texana, Stylops andrenoides, S. asteridis, 8. mandibularis, S. nude, S. pilipedis, Halictoxenos nympheari, H.viri- dulx, Crawfordia labrosi, C. rudbeckix, Xenos aurifert, Belonogas- techthrus zavattarii, Pseudoxenos arvensidis, P. erynnidis, P. forami- nati, P. fundati, P. histrionis, P. pedestridis, P. robertsoni, P. tigridis, Tachytixenos indicus, Ewpathocera luctuosae, E. pictipenni- dis, EL. vulgaridis, Ophthalmochlus auripedis, Pentozoe peradeniya.
New name: Diozoceride.
Page.
377-381
265-276
201-208
513-524
53-146
481-486
429-433
595-621
487-511
TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII
Page.
RavcuirFe, Lewis. See under Smiru, HueH M-_-__----.-. 319-326 Ransom, Brayton Howarp. A new Cestode from an Afri-
can Bustard.—No.: 1844. -June 24, 19117_____.______... .637-647
Ricuarpson, Harrintr. Description of a new species of Aga from the Atlantic coast of the United States.—No. Sm eran Lo Witenes Ole Oe
New species: 4/ga ornata.
Ricuarpson, Harriet. Descriptions of a new genus and species of Isopod crustacean of the family Idotheidx from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, Argentina, South Amer- i¢ac— Now £8bis) April LOOM ee 2 oe ls 5. POOH RA
New genus: Chiriscus. New species: Chiriscus australis.
Descriptions of a new genus and species of Janiridee from the northwest Pacific.—No. 1843. June 7, 19111. 633-635
New genus: Jerella. New species: Jxrella armata.
Ronwer, 8S. A. Descriptions of new species of Wasps with notes on described species.—No. 1837. May 26, 1911'.. 551-587
New genus: Gonostigmus.
New species: Pterochilus seneconis, P. leucotenius, P. diversicolor, Pseudomasaris coquilletti, Priocnemis subconicus, Podium carolina, Stigmus conestogorum, S. aphidiperda, Gonostigmus typicus, Dio- dontus bidentatus, Passalecus melanocrus, Lindenius (Enoplo- lindenius) clypeatus, Crabro (Solenius) townsendi, C. (subgenus?) schwarzi, C. (Hoplocrabro) novanus, Thyreopus ( Thyreopus) venator, T. (Blepharipus) melanius, T. (Crossocerus) xanthognathus, Gorytes (Gorytes) neglectus, G. (Pseudoplisus) gyponacinus, G. (P.) venus- tiformis, G. (Hoplisus) helianthi, G. (Hoplisoides) knabi, Pison cressoni, Tachysphex helianthi, T. gillettei, T. coquilletti, T. argyro- trichus, T. johnsoni, T. opwanus, T. maurus, T. neomexicanus, T. fedorensis, T. bruesi, T. sphecodoides, T. leensis, T. wheeleri, Tachytes chrysocercus, T. xenoferus, Larropsis filicornis, L. por- tianus, Notogonia bella, Zoyphium rujfipes, Silaon mexicanus, Mis- cophinus nigriceps.
New subgenus: Enoplolindenius.
New subspecies: Stigmus inordinatus hubbardi, S. fraternus colora- densis.
New varieties: Chlorion (Palmodes) rufiventris var. opuntix, Stigmus fulvipes var. coquilletti.
SmirH, Hueu M:, and Lewis Rapvcuirre. Descriptions of three new Fishes of the family Chetodontide from the Philippine Islands.—No. 1822. April 17, 1911*..-...-- 319-826
New species: Chetodon argentatus, Heniochus singularius, Holacan- thus multifasciatus.
1 Date of publication.
Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS.
SNYDER, JOHN OTTERBEIN. Descriptions of new genera and species of Fishes from Japan and the Riu Kiu Islands:—No. 1836. . May 26,;1011" _ 2a 2s Sage:
New genera: Jordanidia, Catalufa, Draculo.
Newspecies: Microphis extensus, Corythroichthys quinquarius, Jordani- dia raptoria, Catalufa umbra, Pseudanthias venator, Platyinius amoe- nus, Pentapus formosulus, Nemipterus bathybius, Abudefduf rho- maleus, A. clarki, Lactophrys tritropis, Sebastodes tanakx, Cottus nozawe, Myoxocephalus yesoensis, Ocynectes modestus, Bero zanclus, Podothecus xysies, Lepidotrigla kishinouyi, Clariger exilis, Draculo mirabilis, Hippoglossoides katakure, Lepidopsetta mochigarei, Glyptocephalus sasx.
Sranton, Trmorny W. Final supplement to the catalogue of the published writings of Charles Abiathar White. 1897—1908.—No. 1813. April 0; 191122 Sack es Dee
Viereck, H. L. Descriptions of one new genus and eight new species of Ichneumon-flies—No. 1832. April 17, QMS? 2 oo See 2 Se Bes ee ee eee
New genus: Cyanopteridea.
New species: Apanteles (Apanteles) lacteicolor, Chelonus bipustulatus, Orgilus ashmeadi, Zele rosenbergi, Anilastus tricoloripes, Hyposoter disparis, Pimpla (Pimpla) porthetrix, Pimpla (Pimpla) disparis.
New name: Campyloneurus bicolorinus.
Descriptions of six new genera and thirty-one new species of Ichneumon-flies—No. 1812. April 17, 12 Ie aang eer he Det ath RI 4 3s LORE Mela as
New genera: Cryptoxilos, Dolichozele, Platyspathius, Polystenidea, Stenopleura.
New species: Apanteles (Dolichogenidea) banksi, A. (Protapanteles) africanus, A. (P.) bedellix, A. (P.) beneficus, A. (P.) chrysippi, A. (P.) cinctiformis, A. (P.) griffini, A. (Pseudapanteles) consimilis, A. (P.) etiellex, Chelonus knabi, Cryptoxilos dichromorphus, Diachasma crawfordi, Dixretus nipponensis, Dolichozele koebelei, Habrobracon beneficientior, Hormiopterus graciliformus, Macrocentrus (Amicrop- dus) crambworus, Microbracon howardi, Microplitis melianx, Platys- pathius pictipennis, Polystenidea parksi, P. metacomet, Anempheres diaphanix, Cremastus hymenix, Hyperallus calirox, Limneriwm (Campoletis) prodenix, Megarhyssa greenei, Mesochorus infernalis, M. nigrisignus, Phygadeuon (Bathymetis) patulus,P. (Daictes) fukan, P. ( Mastrus) neodiprioni.
New subgenus: Dolichogenidea.
New name: Mesochorus patulus.
WEED, ALFRED C. See under Brean, Barton A-_-_--- Sh
Page.
025-549
197-139
475-480
173-196
231-232
See under Bran, Barton A_____....-.-.-.---- 369-376
1 Date of publication.
List OF [TLLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES. Facing page. lea SkcullsroibormeanimMumt| ACH hacece cis ose RIMS = cies aise elles se sree d 146 Beas erleron ms OrnOaMy MUN LACS ims c2 ssc le 2 ae acl len ayn oe asin GME oimye chelcin ep 146 BeeAaglerstorebormeamM min taesece seas de we ee oe od Sao bee Andee ek 146 APS iirrela er tAe WChuirUs PrevOstt PTOUP >. --<\-s2ne- 222s cee see ee sce seen LAG Gage Onneanyorane-Wtanen a. os ccna jade ceca nice ele cies s/s ania ahs Sen ele 146 Sap ciiitimate, Dormesn orany-Utan 2 -,2igo.c.4 de coe ok ee a le ees es cle ewe 146 FpeveimaLe Dornedt orane-ULan eco) 2 2). cli 2 = 25 SES Ae aoe eine ie cacinve oie 2 elses Seas ae 146 Se LineoiduMoina trom South Americn.: 2 4.I32- 0. ek os Soe c te aes ode oes OO. oe tanenid mo thsasrom SoutAmerica..: 5.520225 vce 2 be Sk we etc tees Hee eoo AO seAcumGrenmle of WVarcine brasvliensis..- <2. 52. oS ic ce aon wee ee ee 232 ee AOE IOL PN AT CLC OTGSURCNSIS a 22). 2e. So eae es Ree ae east wns coals 232 Pm Gnilodehatiindubaskeue oe eae AS cis 62 ote tds ae eee om Sts ete eye 276 ose OMhveremOuntedusinlel dics. “ccs! Se oa. Sees do Sere oe etn te ce eee meses 276 i aetieclesiasticaltcrowm OD IMuUler.--snoSsan6 2-2 2: ye oa cee on - Se es 276 15. Necklaces of charm boxes...........---- eee 2 items ae Serres 276 Home Neelkdacestoseharm Oxesysa2)5.. Seo Se 3 eee do nasaln ae Sale seas ee ees 276 Vie OUNATMEMLECECTOSBESE TR eae me oie aici eee oe Sere Siete Sra arti avee Siete ena eae 276 Remotlivieribracele tsatedee a> etou co Goats jalan tes anes wae erate Sk AS ean go Se 276 19. Tweezer case, scabbard mounts, and crutch ornaments.........-....--.--- 276 Lester norm sandrwO0d, Vessels. <2. Sencles 22/2 oes cc,.acetneis see sober. cs 276 PIM ie ste Arse Nes yearns Ae 2G ie ESM Se oie fiend ne ies = 276 eee bata tare onl Cloth 5k Satan co.cc sere Eo at ee RAC a SEE oaks 276 eT CON SeROM Bare sa cate ae ears oie Selenite 82 ee. ie ee Sree eh a oe 276 pas Portraitorwienclick and therqueen .: 222,502 Yon. 22 -< cis Be EEL ee 276 PaerbustomeulepaimtimeonjGloune-(.,. 52,212 -2ee ha c<.- 2k ae eRe =~ ee <iets eos s 276 Bee helioious: piebuted On DIasseca. s+ f.-2.1=5 se oA tee eee See panes see eile 276 27. Manuseript book with leathercase-.-~ . 20.2... (222-982 25-* 5 Bhs 4305 ete ie ate 276 eam leraMd Mead GTESS. 44.0 hciaiveicinaiale sas = ee eines ee eee 2 De ei leer 276 29. Ornaments of ivory and brass. . - ---- LS AA ie PRK INT AS et Ce 276 basen apoameamdMeCAGrest. Se,c- aie, 20e.ci2 <iaersise tc Hace 4 ese Sete se 276 BAL DBE eds Bol le 2A ae oe et een es ORCA ocd ERE Aa een Ree ST ee yeas 276 FOOTE TRS Neel eee ee 6 Re ee i=, SE ie ee ee oe 276 Soe Abyssinian scolns (Gb Verse) 22 s-22.6 524-26. ate eek) Sa Sel. a - ee ieee 276 34. Abyssinian Colts (GEVerse)-- ssa 4er ee a ie ee BGM eter Pees Ae ae 276 B5ee New apecies:of shelisifrom Bermudas 43-1 ea.) /ee ap econ eee ee 288 36. West American mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis Ros hehe wmeitig See se 368 37. West American mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis.........-------+------- 368 38. West American mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis.........--------+------- 368 39. West American mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis.......----------------- 368 40. West American mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis.......-------+--------- 368 41. West American mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis.........-----.--------- 368 42, Lepomis holbrookitso. ... 2.8 =... Wes ealet ia iy An. ony BE, Sats teh) AA AS ct 376
x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facing page. AD EMOTE ROLOTOONUL 20 2 sacs > Se INE ic a ee en ae ee eee ae 376 AAD CDOMES RETOS © oi 1-2 Sete SA ethys e ia a eRe ae ete ee ee ae ee 376 ADEM ePOMNS NETOS .s 2s.si-a05 SA See ye eee AS OI Sc ewe ieee eat Say cee een ree 376 46. Lepomis gibbosus. Lepomis heros. Lepomis holbrookti.............------ 376 AT Genomis heros: Lepowis CuryOnuse se ok jee ae se eee ee a 376 AS. Lepomis aloulus: hepomis Gumieusee. 0: he fee = ets semen cers nen ee 376 AQP ie poms PAldUs vo. . <neais ow case eee ei a Oe ne ee eee ee 376 50. Lepomis megalotis. Lepomis cyanellus.......--- Urea ache S a ae eee 376 51. West American mollusks of the genus Bitttuum..................---------- 414 52. West American mollusks of the genus Bitttum...........-.......---.-.-- 414 53. West American mollusks of the genus Bittiwm.....-.....--.....----- ees | ie! 54. West American mollusks of the genus Bittvwm....2.--.-25-...- 5.22 5--45ee 414 55. West Anrerican mollusks of the genus Bittuum.....-...--.-22.+2-+2----525 414 56. West American mollusks of the genus Bittwuwm-.....<..-.s.<-.-<+2-2---2-- 414 Hi) West, American.molluske of the genus Bitiwium....- 4.22 4 ee a 414 5S. aWesteAmerican mollusks of the venus .Bithwm.--...---4-.--- 7. sees eee 414 Hoa Site llgronitmersenus) Ach s0) au, Many: mclek crass tn eee eas en 438 GOmNew tropical millipedsivg Soy io s.c Seen a os Boa ee A a bea kee 474 61. Moldavites and like sporadic glasses from Billiton and Australia.........- 486 62. Obsidian with moldavite-like markings, natural and artificial. ............. 486 Go. hypical vems'of the Virgilina district 2 9. 2-2 eee ae ee 524 64; Ore im quartz, Wall mine cio. 22 2a. steno eis ee ee 524 65. Secondary chalcocite in bornite, Seaboard mine.....-.--..---.-.222eee--e 524 66. Secondary chalcocite in bornite, Seaboard mine................---------- 524 67. Secondary chalcocite and bornite, Seaboard mine. Intergrowth of bornite andkchalleocite as lnes Wan ovum eres eee ke See ee 524 68. Crystallographic intergrowth of bornite and chalcocite, Wall mine. .....-- 524 69! Intergrowth of bornite and chalcocite. 225.2 e seas e eee = eee 524 70. Breeding ranges of the subspecies of Dryobates villosus...........-.------- 622 TEXT FIGURES. Page. Map of southwestern /Bormeo:)..22 ... d-kict<2'se tae ese eee ee eee 55 Map of southeastern Bomeo . -.-)-\s: 8.2.54 seeeee eee cr oa +e eee ee ee 57 Chiniscus astraliss KO's. fo Pee SOS eo CO eRe ere ie yee Se este ee 170 Chiriscus australis. Maxilliped.- 2035552 - 2022 222 Loe a ee ae 170 Chiniscws australis: :< Kirstleg \ SCLIE oe See cc ake se a 170 Chiriscus australis... Second leg. 20%: oo. ss ae ee ee eee 171 Chiriscus australis’ Sixth leg.” Xx 208 5.225.823. ane ee eee ee 171 GTA ACHITUS [OSCHLEUS 518 ia cet oin tars Beare ore me ioe einnn) sa nee ee eye eee 202 Guninachirus Wudus: 250 jess Loe 2 to. eee eee 2 case eee eee oe ee ee eee 203
Ventral view showing topography. ac., acetabulum; c. p., cirrus pouch; es., esophagus; ex. p., excretory pore; ex. v., excretory vesicle; g. p., genital pore;
i., intestine; DL. c., Laurer’s canal; 0. s., oral sucker; ov., ovary; ph., pharynx;
é., testis: ut., uterus; v..¢., vitellania: 25.0 <.\s0.ciecieseel. 220 nee 234 Sagittal section to show prepharyngeal atrium. p. ph., prepharynx.........- 235 Diagram to show relations of Laurer’s canal and its globular end. c. vd.,
common vitello-duct; ov. d., oviduct; r. s., receptaculum seminis; s. g., shell
gland: \¢. od., transverse ‘vitellosduet.. 2525024 52/52 hs 222d aes eee eee 237 Chxtodon argentatus. << <i. bode ak oe et SUS RE USS. She oe ee eee 320 FICNIOCHUS SINQUIGTIUS 2 2. 200 OER Ne ee eee 322 Wolacanthus multifasciatus. ... 26a. 2a25s8 Ss Se ase ene See ee ee 325
A drawing of the specimen of Eumicrerpeton parvum. a., anus; f., femur; h., humerus; 7., interclavicle; in., intestine; m., mandible; o., orbit; s., stomach; $2 tibia: and shi ules: SK! 536s sige nk 5 clase eevee Sete ase eee Se ee eee ae 430
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XI
Page.
Drawing of the specimen of Amphibamus thoracatus. c., clavicle; h., humerus; merinterclavicle; o., orbit; 7.,, radius: (ulnay);/v., vertebra... .5.....-..-..-- 432 RIEU REIS? Seem ATC SUIM DS espe cyt N A Sree Mean Mena a)Sase ~ as eGts via aps 22 Sele 456 fomusancisus. Caring: of segments’ 8 and 9....... 5.2.22. 22..222.4------000% 456 fivostmcisus. ‘Gonopods, anterior side. . 1... 2.22522 Wses)e2 faeces esse sk. 457 Banus incisus. Gonopods, posterior side. .__..:........--20.2. 22.2 5.2 ee eee 458 Biciodesmus creper. Segments 1-6. Dorsal view.......-...------...-.---- 461 Bucctodesmus creper. Segments 13-19. Dorsal view.....--....-...-.---.-+-- 462 PAC UILU SOLAS, CATMLODMAE Hae os ois peers ce = tee os ie te Aes a, we ae wll 469 Chonodesmus alatus. Segments 1 and 2. Dorsal view.............--......-- 469 Chonodesmus alatus. Segments4and 5. Dorsal view..................----- 469 Chonodesmus alatus. Segments 18-20. Dorsal view.............-....--..-- 469
Cross section of Virgilina district at right angles to the strike of the schistosity, approximately alone the Southern Railway... ..22----<¢2-<2..---+,.2s-<' 515 ABD OFA! SESS S AI ao Se or Ee RS PR a eng 623 Be MMEOLH Aen MAXIE KODE 54 Ss Nem: os 2 sete ee weels See baa seouh etce wean 623 Bee oannrdiassmiiret Maxtla: XG5e.: 255: oes ae hod ote = sae oh oe es bn keld Hee 624 Peroni dire CCONMs Ma RTlaR: | KAAS oe eee oO ad tee a eee ceils au cial 624 LEE SIRGULAGS CPG ag SAA a A Up A oN OP eae eles 634. manoroncolemia uncnata. “Wmbire Worm... 425.5... 0.- 522-82 sceeecee nesses! 638 Sphyroncotexnia uncinata. Head, considerably flattened by pressure.......... 639 Sphyroncotenia uncinata. Hook from rostellum.................--22------- 639
Sphyroncotenia uncinata. Gravid segments from posterior portion of strobila. ex., excretory vessel; g. p., genital pore; par. ut., para-uterine organ; wt., WSUS i. 6. ce pS SCHR Ona oe Due SaBe qe ORe OS Sa cee SAS AB One oS aan Aenea eae ome 640 Sphyroncotenia uncinata. Transverse section of sexually mature segment. c. p., cirrus pouch; ex., excretory vessel; J. n., lateral longitudinal nerve; 0v., ovary; sem. rec., seminal receptacle; s. g., shell gland; ¢., testicles; ¢. m., transverse muscles; wt., primordium of uterus; vag., vagina; v. d., vas def- SIRENS Oa: (fg AON Ad EN 06 GSS ne a a Pn 641 Sphyroncotenia uncinata. Transverse section through genital pore, cirrus pouch, and neighboring structures. cl., genital cloaca; c. p., cirrus pouch; ex., excretory vessel; J. n., lateral longitudinal nerve; t. m., transverse mus- Ries Vag VAPIMA ONG.) VARCELereNS: 2 os bcc ce ack os cede ad Sok eee ees 642 MR TONCOLECTERAMUNCUTEG er MELO Oat a A ans ai 5 os iecs meer ASainl Se ce ia ie Sreien oe Al esos 643
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THE RECENT CRINOIDS OF THE COASTS OF AFRICA.
By Austin Hopart Criark,
Assistant Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, U.S. National Museum.
HISTORY.
The history of the study of the recent crinoids inhabiting the coasts of Africa can be stated in a few words. With but three exceptions all the references to African crinoids are only incidental, incorporated in works sometimes restricted to the echinoderms alone, but more commonly very general in scope. Thus while the titles of books and papers number about seventy, from each one only a small amount of information is gained, and an adequate conception of African crinoids as a whole can be acquired only by an amount of Jabor totally incommensurate with the sum of the knowledge gained.
The first crinoid known from African waters was described from Mauritius in 1816 by Lamarck under the name of Comatula carinata. Lamarck adopted the name carinata from Leach, who in the previous year had diagnosed, in a very insufficient manner, his Alecto carinata, which Lamarck thought might turn out to be his species.
In 1817 the portion of Savigny’s Description de Egypte dealing with the echinoderms was published, and in it were figured two comatulids from the Red Sea, one of which was designated by Audouin as ‘‘Comatula sp.,” the other as ‘‘Comatula multiradiata.” There is no further reference to the first of these figures, which rep- resents Tropiometra encrinus; but in 1836 de Blainville copied the second in the atlas to his Manuel d’Actinologie. In doing this he made a curious mistake, for the plate is lettered ‘‘Comatula adeonex,” though in the text the description of Comatula adeonzx is taken from Lamarck, and the species is correctly said to have ten arms. In the following year the Penny Encyclopedia copied de Blainville’s account of Comatula adeonxz, multiradiate figure and all, and the same slip was made by Knight in his Natural History, published in 1867.
Riippel, in the course of his travels, found in the Red Sea an inter- esting multiradiate comatulid upon which he bestowed the manu-
PrRoceepinas U.S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 40—No. 1808. 80796°—Proc.N.M.vol.40—11——1 1
yb PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSHUM. vou. 40,
script name of Comatula leucomelas, but I have not been able to find that he mentioned it anywhere in his works. In 1833 Leuckart came across his specimens in the Senckenberg Museum at Frankfort on Main and published the name, together with the locality, though without any diagnosis.
Leuckart was the first to describe the curious parasitic worms belonging to the genus Myzostoma with which crinoids are usually infested, his attention having been first called to them by mistaking one for a madreporic plate. In discussing the genus Myzostoma he mentions a multiradiate comatulid from the Red Sea, which, follow- ing Audouin, he identifies as Comatula multiradiata, but which von Graff, acting on the advice of P. H. Carpenter, has suggested was probably an example of Heterometra savignia, the species to which Audouin’s Comatula multiradiata has always been referred.
In the Iconographie du Regne Animal, published by Guérin-Méné- ville from 1828-1837, there are two figures! supposed to represent the species described as Comatula carinata from Mauritius. Possibly the first does represent this species, though it looks more like some species of Antedon; but the second (2a) appears to be a species of Amphimetra, and agrees fairly well with A. discoidea from northern Australia and the East Indies. There is a specimen of Amphimetra discoidea (labeled by P. H. Carpenter Antedon milberti, var. dibra- chiata) in the Paris Museum from which I suspect the figure was drawn.
In 1841 Johannes Miiller described his Alecto savignii, which was based upon specimens which had been brought from the Red Sea by Hempricht and Ehrenberg, now in the Berlin Museum, and he also identified Savigny’s figure, which had been called Comatula multi- radiata by Audouin, as this species. Two years later he described Alecto wahlbergit from specimens brought by Wahlberg from Port Natal, which he examined at the Stockholm Museum.
Michelin in 1845 noted the occurrence of Comatula carinata at Mauritius. His specimens are now in the Paris Museum.
In 1849 the comprehensive monograph of Miiller, completing his studies on the comatulids, gave a summary of the knowledge in regard to African species at that date. Practically the same account was given in 1862 by Dujardin and Hupé in their monograph on the so-called Zoophytes.
Bohlsche in 1866 described as new a curious little comatulid from the coast of Brazil which he had been unable to identify with any | previously known species. He called it, in compliment to the justly famous Norwegian naturalist of that name, Antedon diibenii. This species has been the cause of considerable confusion. P. H.
1 Zoophytes, pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a.
no. 1808. RHCENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 3
Carpenter identified with it a specimen which the Challenger dredged at Bahia, and figured both this specimen and the type in the Challenger report on the Comatule. The Challenger specimen is a young exam- ple of Tropiometra picta, but the type-specimen obviously belongs to the Antedonidz and to the genus Antedon. Nothing like it has since been found on the American side of the Atlantic.
EK. Von Martens in 1869 recorded from the Red Sea the Alecto palmata of Miller, which had originally been described from India, and at the same time recorded Comatula solaris from Zanzibar. The determination of the former was correct, but the latter appears to have been in reality Tropiometra carinata. Von Martens did not dis- cover that the species recorded by Leuckart as Comatula leucomelas is the same as the one given by himself as Comatula palmata.
Sir C. Wyville Thomson, in his preliminary report upon the crinoids of the Porcupine expedition and in his semipopular work The Depths of the Sea, published in 1873, as well as in The Atlantic, published in 1877, touches upon the fauna of the Mediterranean, but the only erinoid he mentions from the vicinity of Africa is ‘‘ Rhizocrinus loffotensis,” which was dredged by the Swedish frigate Josephine on the Josephine Bank.
In 1878 Pourtalés and in 1879 Rathbun discussed at considerable length specimens of Tropiometra carinata from Zanzibar, comparing them with specimens of 7. picta from the coast of Brazil.
In 1879 also Edgar A. Smith described in detail a new comatulid, Comatula indica, from the island of Rodriguez, which remains to-day the only crinoid known from that locality.
Greeff, while visiting the island of Rolas, in the Gulf of Guinea, found some crinoids there which he identified with the species inhabit- ing southern Europe. Carpenter was inclined to consider them as being in reality the Antedon diibenia of Béohlsche, but it seems probable that they are identical with the Antedon hupferi of Hartlaub, which is closely related to that species.
De Loriol, discussing the echinoderms of Mauritius in 1883, includes, as did Michelin, Tropiometra carinata.
The work of the two French steamers, the Travailleur and the Talisman, had resulted in the discovery of many interesting crinoids off the coasts of southern Europe and northwestern Africa. Scat- tered references to these are found in the writings of E. Perrier, Cap- tain Parfait, de Folin, and of the Marquis de Filhol, but they are mostly very indefinite and very unsatisfactory. Interest in these crinoids appears to have soon died out, and no detailed report upon them was ever prepared.
Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, in listing the echinoderms obtained by the Alert in the western Indian Ocean, records (1884) immature speci- mens of a species of ‘‘ Actinometra”’ from the Amirante Islands.
4. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
In the same year P. H. Carpenter published an account of the crinoids occurring between the Faroe Islands and Gibraltar, mostly based upon the results of the work of the Porcupine expedition, and he also finished the monograph on the stalked erinoids which had been obtained by the Challenger. This latter is more comprehensive in scope than is indicated by its title, for it includes an account of the material obtained by all the other exploring ships, in so far as he had access to it, and cites nearly all of the published references, thus offer- ing a reasonably complete summary of everything known in regard to the recent stalked crinoids previous to 1884. Four years later this monograph was followed by a similar work dealing with the coma- tulids; but this is less comprehensive in its scope, so that species not among the Challenger collections are neither described in detail nor figured. As the Challenger obtained but a single species while in African waters, at Simons Bay, Natal, and that a well-known form (Comanthus wahlbergii), it is evident that African species receive a comparatively small amount of attention.
Hartlaub’s monograph on the comatulid fauna of the East Indian Archipelago, published in 1891 (after a preliminary paper in 1890), fillsmany of the gaps left by Carpenter in the Challenger monograph. Two new African species, one from the Red Sea (Antedon klunzingert) and the other from the Ivory coast (Antedon hupferi), are described as new and figured, and two others, known from the Red Sea since 1817 and 1833, are for the first time adequately figured.
Bell in 1892 described a new species of ‘‘ Antedon”’ from Mauritius under the name of A. emendatriz. Ever since then it has been a great puzzle to determine what the species really is, as the diagnosis is far from clear, and there is a possibility that it covers two distinct species belonging to two different genera, one of which is a species of Cenometra, though Bell did not recognize its affinity with C. bella, which Hartlaub had made known two years previously.
In 1899 Hubert Ludwig published an important paper upon the echinoderms of Zanzibar, based upon a collection made in that country by Doctor Voeltzkow. In this he recapitulates the previous records for the region about Zanzibar published by von Martens, Rathbun, Pourtalés, and Carpenter, and adds Antedon flagellata, a species previously known only from Singapore and the Pelew Islands.
The work of the steamer Valdivia while under charter to the Ger- man Government resulted in the discovery of two interesting crinoids off the coast of Somaliland, which are figured by Professor Chun, with tentative identifications furnished by Professor Déderlein, in his interesting account of the voyage (Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres). One of these was a species of Rhizocrinus, a genus knownfrom many places in the Atlantic, but hitherto only known outside that area from the indefinite report of Korotneff, who found a large species
no. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 5
(2 R. weberi) in the Straits of Sunda; the other was a new species of Pentametrocrinus.
The work of the Prince of Monaco has added a great deal to our knowledge of the crinoids of the deeper waters of! northwest Africa. Much information is contained in short papers published by the Prince himself and by Professors Kcehler and Richard. All the data acquired has recently (1909) been presented in magnificent form under the authorship of Professor Koehler.
It is very remarkable that the Princesse-Alice should have obtained only two new species, but the lack of quantity is more than com- pensated by the interest attaching to one of them, Gephyrocrinus grimaldii, representing a second genus of Hyocrinide, first described in a preliminary paper by Professor Keehler and Dr. ¥. A. Bather, jointly, in 1902.
The investigations conducted by the Cape of Good Hope Govern- ment into the marine resources of that colony had resulted in the accumulation of most excellent collections of echinoderms. ‘These were turned over to Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell for determination, and he found among them four species of crinoids, three of which he described as new, assigning them all to systematic: positions very remote from those they in reality occupy; his fourth species was misidentified. These four species are:
Antedon capensis = Tropiometra carinata. Antedon sclatert = Pachylometra sclatert. Antedon magnicirra = Crotalometra magnacirra.
Actinometra parvicirra = Comanthus wahlbergis.
In his report upon the stalked crinoids of the Siboga expedition, which appeared toward the close of 1907, Professor Déderlein figured the species of Rhizocrinus dredged by the Valdivia off Somaliland, calling it, most appropriately, Rhizocrinus chun.
Mr. Herbert C. Chadwick in 1908 communicated to the Linnzan Society of London a short paper upon the crinoids collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland on the coast of the Sudan during the course of the investigations of the marine biology of the Red Sea under the direc- tion of Prof. W. A. Herdman. Six species are listed, four of which are new to the region; these are:
Antedon serripinna = Colobometra chadwick. Antedon parvicirra = Iridometra egy plied. Antedon marginata = tStephanometra m arginata. Antedon imparipinna = Dichrometra protectus. Antedon palmata = Dichrometra palmata. Antedon savignyt — Heterometra savignit.
Mr. Chadwick himself was not certain of the correctness of his determination of Antedon marginata, and in a review I took the liberty of stating that Antedon serripinna and A. parvicirra were
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
possibly not quite the same as the East Indian species called by those names by Carpenter. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Chadwick and Professor Herdman, I have been able to examine one of the specimens identified as _A. serrvpinna, and I find it to be a new species of Colobometra, and not an Oligometra at all. I also found in the British Museum a specimen of what is undoubtedly his Antedon parvicirra, Which turned out to be a new species of Iridometra.
In October 1909, Professor Bell reported upon the echinoderms of the Perey Sladen Trust expedition, which included four crinoids. All were misidentified. The four species are:
Actinometra multiradiata = Comaiella maculata.
Antedon carinata =? Cosmiometra gardinert.
Antedon palmata = Stephanometra indica.
Antedon spicata = Cenometra emendatriz. MATERIAL.
The specimens examined in connection with the present work include all the crinoids from Africa in the British Museum, the Bergen Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, the Copen- hagen Museum, the Hamburg. Museum, the Museum ftir Naturkunde and the Museum fiir Meereskunde, Berlin, the Oceanographic Museum at Monaco, the Paris Museum, and the U. S. National Museum. Among them are the originals of all the published records of Leuckart, Guérin-Ménéville, J. Muller, Michelin, Dujardin and Hupé, von Martens, Wyville Thomson, Pourtalés, Rathbun, HE. A. Smith, Bell, P. H. Carpenter, Hartlaub, and Ludwig, and most of those of Déderlein and Chadwick. At Lyons Prof. R. Koehler and M. Vaney showed me the specimens collected by the Travazlleur, the Talisman, and the Princesse-Alice, upon which they are soon to publish a report. Two of their new species I had already seen in the museums at London and Paris, and I had drawn up diagnoses of them; but it is only fair to those gentlemen to withhold my diagnoses until they are able to publish theirs, and to confine myself, in treating of the material collected by the French and Monacan ships, to the published records.
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE AFRICAN COASTS.
There are known to-day from the coasts of Africa and the outlying islands fifty-three species of recent crinoids; forty-five of these belong to the Comatulida, representing seven families, viz, the Comasteride (six); the Himerometride (twelve); the Colobome- tride (six); the Tropiometride (three); the Thalassometride (eight) ; the Antedonide (eight), and the Pentametrocrinide (two), while eight are stalked, representing the Pentacrinitidz (one); the Hyocri- nidz (one), and the Rhizocrinide (six). These species are included in twenty-four genera, of which four are stalked.
no. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 7
! The African shores are faunally divisible into five well-marked districts, each with its characteristic species and genera, as follows:
MEDITERRANEAN COAST, Family ANTEDONIDA. Antedon mediterranea. Leptometra phalangium.
NORTHWEST COAST (STRAITS OF GIBRALTAR TO CAPE VERDE, INCLUDING THE AZORES, MADEIRA, CANARY, AND CAPE VERDE ISLANDS).
Family COMASTERID. Neocomatella (new species).! Family THALASSOMETRIDA.
Crotalometra flava. Thalassometra lusitanica.' Thalassometra omissa.
Family ANTEDONID. Antedon bifida. Leptometra celtica. Family PENTAMETROCRINID. Pentametrocrinus atlanticus.? 1 Family PENTACRINITID. Endozocrinus wyvillethomsom.t Family HYOCRINIDA. Gephyrocrinus grimaldi. Family BOURGUETICRINID.
Bathycrinus gracilis Bathycrinus recuperatus.1 Bathycrinus perrieri.t Rhizocrinus parfaiti.? !
WEST COAST (INCLUDING THE ISLANDS OF ST. HELENA AND ASCENSION). Family TROPIOMETRIDAL. Tropiometra picta.? Family ANTEDONIDE.
Antedon hupferi.
1 Deep-water species. 2 Occurs also in the West Indies.
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
Family THALASSOMETRIDA. Crotalometra porrecta.! Thalassometra multispina.! Family RHIZOCRINID AL.
Bathycrinus aldrichianus
SOUTHEAST COAST (FROM MOMBASA TO CAPE TOWN, INCLUDING ALL THE OUTLYING ISLANDS).
Family COMASTERIDA.
Comatella maculata. Capillaster multiradiata. Comissia ignota. Comanthus parvicirra. Comanthus wahlbergit.
Family HIMEROMETRIDA.
Amphimetra africana. Craspedometra madagascarensis. Ieterometra joubini. Heterometra graviert. Stephanometra indica. Dichrometra flagellata.
Family COLOBOMETRID Ad.
Cenometra emendatriz. Decametra mobiusi. Decametra modica. Decametra alaude. Oligometra serripinna.
Family TROPIOMETRID/L. Troprometra carinata. Family THALASSOMETRIDE.
Crotalometra magnicirra.! Cosmiometra gardinert.} Pachylometra sclateri.1
Family ANTEDONIDA.
Iridometra mauritiana. Perometra afra.
NORTHEAST COAST (FROM BRITISH EAST AFRICA TO SUEZ),
Family COMASTERID/AL.
Comanthus (2parvicirra) .
1 Deep-water species.
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 9
Family HIMEROMETRID/#.
Craspedometra ater. Dichrometra protectus. Heterometra savignit. Dichrometra klunzingeri. Stephanometra marginata. Dichrometra palmata.
Family COLOBOMETRID 4. Colobometra chadwicki.
Family TROPIOMETRID. Tropiometra encrinus.
Family ANTEDONID. Tridometra xgy ptica. Family PENTAMETROCRINID:. Pentametrocrinus (new species).
Family RHIZOCRINIDA.
Rhizocrinus chuni
Mediterranean coast.—So far as we know, the Mediterranean coast of Africa is the same faunally as the Mediterranean coast of Europe. Only two genera, Antedon and Leptometra, are found here, both of which are primarily, as I have shown, of Indian Ocean or East Indian origin,” and both of which occur in the Atlantic northward nearly or quite to Norway. These two genera may be said to delimit the KuRoprAN faunal area—in reality an attenuated derivative from the great Indo-Pacific-Japanese region—and this EuropgEAN faunal area may logically be divided into (1) the Mediterranean area, inhabited by Antedon mediterranea, A. adriatica, and Leptometra phalangium; and (2) the Huropean-Atlantic area, inhabited by Antedon petasus, A. bifida, and Leptometra celtica, and extending from Norway south to Morocco and Madeira.
Northwest coast.—This is the meeting ground between the preceding and succeeding littoral faunal areas; here the Huropean-Atlantic area reaches its southern and the West African its northern limit.
In the deeper water, however, inhabited by species of the Jnter- mediate faunal zone,? we find a strongly marked ‘‘ West Indian”’ element, indicated by Neocomatella, Pentametrocrinus atlanticus, and Rhizocrinus parfaiti.
1 Deep-water species. 2Cf. Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. J orening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, p. 128 et seq. 8Idem., p. 126.
10 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 40.”
Thanks to the work of the ships of the U. 8. Coast Survey and the U.S. Fish Commission we have long had data upon which to base a concept of the Antillean crinoid fauna, and we are able to state with a reasonable degree of accuracy that this fauna is directly derived from, and forms the outer fringe of, the great Intermediate area, the maximum intensity of which lies within a triangle whose apices are, roughly, southern Japan, the Kermadec Islands, and Singapore. Just as the genera Antedon and Leptometra characterizing the European faunal area are distinct from, though very closely related to, the parent genera Mastigometra and Psathyrometra of the Kast Indies, so the genera found in the West Indies are very closely related to, but entirely distinct from, the corresponding East Indian genera. The correspondence is well brought out by the following list:
WEST INDIAN GENUS. CORRESPONDING EAST INDIAN GENUS. Family COMASTERID/A. Nemaster. Capullaster. Neocomatella. Comatella. Leptonemaster. Comissia. Comactimia. Comatula.
Family HIMEROMETRIDE. Analedometra. Stephanometra.
Family THALASSOMETRID/.
Stylometra. Cosmiometra. Crinometra Pachylometra. Gly ptometra.
Family ANTEDONIDA.
Iypalometra. Erythrometra. Zenometra. Psathyrometra. Coccometra. Thysanometra.
Certain other genera probably should be paired in the same way, but our data in regard to them is as yet insufficient for generaliza- tion; a number of genera are, of course, common to both regions, though the species are never the same.
Now the entire western coast of North and South America is, as I have shown,! purely Antarctic, or, more precisely, Magellanic, in its affinities; the Indo-Pacific-Japanese species disappear far to the west- ward among the South Sea islands. It is thus highly improbable that the West Indies could ever have become colonized from the westward; if such had been the case there would certainly be traces
1 Geographical Journal, vol. 32, No. 6, p. 602 et seq.
NO. 1808. RHCHENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 11
remaining of the zodgeographic progression on the tropical west Amer- ican coast. Moreover, the geology of the country between North and South America shows that there has been a fairly permanent land barrier at all times between the Caribbean and the Pacific; such channels as have intercommunicated between them could never have been deep, as none of the characteristic animals occurring below the sublittoral zone on the Pacific side appear to have passed through to the Caribbean. No crinoids ever passed through in either direction, and there is not even a subfamily or a genus common to both coasts of Central America; but crinoids are almost entirely sessile—much more nearly so than any other marine organisms—and many barriers therefore operate against their dispersal which are ineffective against other animals, including the other echinoderms.!
The crinoids, therefore, move very slowly into new territory for this reason and also because of their shght adaptability to changes of salinity and especially of temperature, and the fact that a few of the littoral echinoids, ophiuroids, and asteroids have, during the periods when communication was established between the Caribbean and the Pacific, made their way from the former into the latter, does not in any way disprove the hypothesis that there has at all times been an insuperable barrier to the dispersal of the crinoids.
Thus it seems necessary to assume that the West Indian crinoid fauna reached the Caribbean basin from the eastward, from the northwest coast of Africa, having previously reached that district from, the southward or southeastward, not from the eastward or northeastward.
According to this, the northwest African intermediate fauna (including that of Europe south of the Bay of Biscay) is zoégeo- graphically more important than the West Indian, though at present much less known; the two, so far as can be judged, are practically the same, so that together they may be considered as making up a South European- Northwest African-Antillean faunal division of the intermediate region, which falls naturally into two subdivisions, (1) an Afro-Huropean and (2) an Antillean.
It is a very curious fact that almost without a single exception the genera and species of this faunal division inhabit deeper—often much deeper—water than the genera and species from which they have been derived in the East Indian seas, and their habitat in the east is deeper again than their habitat in the west. It would appear that this faunal division has taken from the great parent Indo-Pacific- Japanese region only such genera as are most plastic and can best adapt themselves to changing conditions; these genera have been able to survive, but have become differentiated from the parent stock, while all the other less plastic genera, which we must assume were
1Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. Forening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, pp. 117-133.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
originally carried along with them, have died out. The difference in depth of habitat between the species on the opposite coasts of the Atlantic is probably due to a difference in the nature of the food supply, and the increased depth of the habitat of the West Indian genera over their East Indian relatives originated probably from the same cause."
There is, therefore, a close similarity in origin between the species of the European and the south Huropean-northwest African-Antillean faunal divisions; the former have reached their present habitat by passing northwestward around or across the northern end of what is now Africa, the latter by passing more to the southward. At first similar extensions from the common parent region, the diverse con- ditions which in past geologic ages they encountered, one in the north and the other in the south, reduced them differently, so that now they present a totally different aspect, and one would never suspect a common origin were they not both equally closely related to the parent region.
It is very interesting that in the ages since the constituent elements of these two faunal divisions left the parent region only comparatively slight changes have occurred; no widely diverse generic types have been evolved, and none of the collateral parent genera have entirely died out behind them, though they have largely disappeared from the intervening seas of the present day, being preserved, however, in certain cases, as fossils in the later rocks.
West coast.—There are only two littoral comatulids known from the west African coast and the outlying islands; one of these (Tropi- ometra *picta) is, so far as I can see, identical with the commonest species on the opposite coast of South America, while the other (Antedon hupferi) is very close to a corresponding species originally described from Rio de Janeiro and since reported from Abrolhos and Madeira (Antedon diibenit). The third littoral Brazilian comat- ulid (Nemaster lineata) has probably spread southward from the West Indies just as Tropiometra picta has worked its way northward to those islands.
The faunal division characterized by the presence of Tropiometra picta and the small short armed species of Antedon may be conveniently known as the West African-South American area.
In the deep waters of the Atlantic there occur certain genera of the Oceanic region which are found in all deep seas, except that they never intrude upon the territory occupied by the so-called Polar- Pacific species. Such genera are Bathyerinus, Bathymetra, Crota- lometra, and Thalassometra; possibly Gephyrocrinus should also be placed here.
1 Geographical Journal, vol. 32, No. 6, p. 602 et seq.
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. rs
Southeast coast.—The southeastern coast of Africa is faunally the richest section of the continent, supporting twenty-two species dis- tributed among eighteen genera, of which latter eleven do not occur farther north. All of the genera are widely spread throughout the Indo-Pacific-Japanese region, but sixteen of the twenty-two species are confined to southeastern Africa, only six occurring in Ceylon and eastward. The only four species of the deeper water yet known belong to characteristically Hast Indian genera.
The affinities of this district are obviously with Ceylon and the region to the eastward of that island rather than with the coasts of the Arabian Sea, and the modern crinoid fauna evidently worked southwestward along the line now indicated by the Maldive, Chagos, and Cargados islands to what is now Mauritius, Madagascar, and southeast Africa.
The following genera are common to southeast Africa and Ceylon (or the Bay of Bengal), but do not occur on the shores of the Arabian Sea north of Ceylon or north of British East Africa:
Comatella. Decametra.
Capillaster. Oligometra.
Comissia. Crotalometra.
Bennettia group of Comanthus. Cosmiometra.
Amphimetra. Pachylometra.
Cenometra. Perometra.
The same is, so far as we know, true of the following species:
Comatella maculata. Stephanometra indica. Capillaster multiradvata. Dichrometra flagellata.
Oligometra serripinna.
As the south Huropean-northwest African-Antillean division offers some striking points of similarity to the attenuated western extremity of the Indo-Pacific-Japanese region, as seen in southeast Africa, we are justified in supposing that it was originally derived from it by passage across what is now central Africa; in other words, that the genera characterizing it have moved outward from the East Indian region, first southwestward to southeast Africa and then northeast- ward to their present habitat.
The area from Mombasa southward to Cape Colony, and including Madagascar, the Seychelles, Réunion, and Mauritius, and the other islands as far as the Chagos group may be conveniently known as the Southeast African faunal division of the Indo-Pacific-Japanese region.
Along the coasts of Cape Colony and Natal occurs a comasterid (Comanthus wahlbergit) found nowhere else, but closely related to Comanthus trichoptera of southern Australia. Although it is asso- ciated with tropical forms, and although there are no representatives there of the other south Australian species, we must recognize the fact that the Cape subdivision is not quite the same faunally as the
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
shores farther north; it is poorer in species, and is modified by the intrusion of a south Australian element, just as has been shown in the case of many other animals.
Northeast coast.—The northeast coast of Africa is singularly differ- ent in the aspect of its crinoid fauna from the coast to the southward. Of strictly comparable species there are only ten, distributed among eight genera, of which one is not known from farther south; this is:
Colobometra.
All of the genera are purely East Indian; of the species five extend to India or beyond; these are:
Heterometra savignit. Dichrometra protectus. Stephanometra marginata. Dichrometra palmata. Tropiometra encrinus.
The fauna of northeast Africa therefore is purely a derivative from Kast Indian stock, just as that of southeast Africa is, but a curious segregation of the genera and species composing the Indo-Pacific- Japanese region has occurred, one set of forms following the coasts of the Arabian Sea, the other extending in a southeasterly direction toward theCape. While the faunas of the northeast and of the south- east coasts differ considerably between themselves, they are both about equally related to the general Kast Indian fauna, and the com- ponent species of both are remarkable in being in general smaller than the corresponding species in the great parent area.
The shores from Somaliland northward to and including the Réd Sea, and thence eastward to the Persian Gulf, may be considered as marking the Northeast African faunal division.
Whether or not the genera Antedon and Leptometra reached their present habitat by way of the Arabian Sea—that is, through the fauna now occupying the shores of that basin—it is not possible to say; Mastigometra and Psathyrometra, their eastern equivalents, occur at or near Ceylon, but are known no farther west. They may have gone “overland” from India; may have passed along the shores of the Arabian Sea (or its ancient homologue) and subsequently died out, or, which is much the most likely, they may yet remain to be dis- covered between Ceylon and Suez.
Summary.—The crinoid fauna of the coasts of Africa falls into five divisions, as follows:
1. The Europran division, including the Mediterranean coast, and the northwest coast north of Morocco and Madeira; this falls into two subdivisions:
(a) The Mediterranean subdivision, comprising the coast of the Mediterranean, and
(6) The European-Atlantic subdivision, extending on the Atlantic coast from Madeira and Morocco northward;
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 15
2. The Sournh Evuropean-NortHwest AFrRIcAN-ANTILLEAN di- vision, extending from Madeira and Morocco northward to the Bay of Biscay and westward to and including the Caribbean Sea;
3. The Wesr ArricaAN SouTH-AMERICAN division, including the coast south of Morocco and the opposite coast of Brazil, with the intervening islands;
4. The SoutHEAst ArricaN division, extending from Mombasa to Cape Town, and eastward to include Madagascar, the Seychelles, Réunion, and Mauritius, and the intervening islands eastward to the Chagos archipelago; the southern part of this division, comprising the coasts of Cape Colony and Natal, forms the Cape subdivision; and
5. The Nortueasr AFRICAN division, extending from Somaliland northward throughout the Red Sea and eastward to the Persian Gulf.
The West African-South American division is an attenuated. off- shoot from the South European-Northwest African-Antillean divi- sion, which itself is derived from the Southeast African division, the last the somewhat modified southwestern extremity of the great Indo- Pacific-Japanese faunal area.
The European faunal division is probably an attenuated offshoot from the Northeast African division, which itself is the considerably modified northwestern extremity of the great Indo-Pacific-Japanese faunal area.
ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES. I. COMATULIDS.
Suborder OLIGOPHREATA.
Family COMASTERID. Subfamily CAPILLASTEHRIN®. Genus NEOCOMATELLA A. H. Clark. NEOCOMATELLA (new species).
Actinometra pulchella (part) P. H. Carpenter, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 12, 1884, p. 369; Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 304—K@uHuER and Vaney, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 32. Localities—West of Gibraltar (lat. 35° 56’ N.; long. 7° 06’ W.); northeast of the Seine Bank (lat. 34° 57’ N.; long. 11° 57’ W.); off Cape Pefias; south of Cape St. Vincent (lat. 35° 26’ N.; long. 9° 09’ W.); south of the Canary Islands (lat. 25° 41’ N.; long. 18° 16’ W.). Depth.— 228-533 fathoms. Bottom temperature.—50.5° Fahr. (one record). Bottom.—Clay (one record).*
1Comatula solaris has been recorded from the east coast of Africa (Zanzibar) by Professor von Martens, but the record appears to have been based upon a specimen of T'ropiometra carinata.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou, 40.
Genus COMATELLA A. H. Clark.
COMATELLA MACULATA (P. H. Carpenter).
Actinometra multiradiata Bet, Trans. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), (2), vol. 13, 1909, pt. p20:
Localities.—Salomon, from the reef; Coin Peros.
Remarks.—The specimen from Salomon, which I examined at the British Museum, has twenty-six arms 85 mm. long; the cirri are XXI, 15-18. The IIIBr series are all developed externally. Com- pared directly with the type of Carpenter's maculata, this specimen is found to differ only in having more numerous arms.
Genus GA PILE AS ME RAW Es Cilarelk.
CAPILLASTER MULTIRADIATA (Linnzus).
Asterias pectinata (part) LiInnazus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 663 (reference to Petiver).
Asterias multiradiata Linnm=us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 663 (type-speci- men at Lund, but not references cited).
Comatula jfimbriata Lamarck, Hist. nat. des animaux sans vertebres, vol. 2, 1816, p. 535.
Comatula coccodistoma (Paris Museum MS.) DusarpIn and Hups#, Hist. nat. des
zoophytes; échinodermes, 1862, p. 208.
Actinometra coppingert Brut, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, p. 535.—Rep. Zool. Coll. H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 168, pl. 16, fig. B.
Actinometra multiradiata P. H. Careentrer, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, 1888, Zoology, p. 322, pl. 66, figs. 1-3.
Capillaster multiradiata A. H. CuarK, Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. Forening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, p. 134.
Localities. Madagascar; Cape St. André, Madagascar.
Depth.—Littoral, and down to about 30 meters.
In the Paris Museum there are three specimens of this species from Madagascar; one has the cirri XV, 21-23, and nineteen arms, one TiBr series being lacking; two of the I1Br series are 2, the remaining seven being 4 (3+4); another (Cape St. André; about 30 meters) has the cirri XVIII, 21-22, and twelve arms, one ray bearing two II Br 4 (3 +4) series; the brachials are very short and overlap rather strongly ; the third is like the first, and also has nineteen arms; no IIIBr series are present.
Compared directly with a typical example from the Straits of Sunda, these three specimens are seen to be smaller and proportionately weaker, but otherwise I can find no differences whatever. J1[Br series, very common among East Indian specimens, do not occur. Very possibly these specimens represent a local permanently small race confined to the southeast African, region. If this should prove to be the case the name coccodistoma would be applicable to it.
no. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. Li
Genus, COMISsIA A. o. Clark. COMMISSIA IGNOTA, new species. Actinometra Brett, Rep. Zool. Coll. H. M. 8. Alert, 1884, p. 510. Actinometra pectinata Brit. Mus. MS.
Description.—Centrodorsal discoidal, with a flat dorsal pole 1.5mm.— 2 mm. in diameter.
Cirri XJI-XV, 9-11 (usually 10-11), 4 mm—5 mm. long; first segment short, second not quite so long as broad, the following increas- ing in length to the fourth, which is about three times as long as the median diameter; the sixth and following are about as long as broad; the third and fourth are strongly ‘‘dice-box shaped;”’ the fifth and following each bear a minute sharp subterminial tubercle; the shorter distal segments are somewhat compressed laterally, and hence appear comparatively broad in lateral view; the opposing spine is slight and inconspicuous.
Radials concealed; IBr, well separated, the interradial angle of separation being about 90°.
Ten arms 30 mm.-35 mm. long, resembling in general those of Leptonemaster venustus, but proportionately slightly stouter; genital glands are developed on the pinnules.
Locality.— Marie Louise Island, and Isle des Neufs, Amirante group; collected by H. M.S. Alert.
Depth.—17 fathoms.
Bottom.—Coral.
Subfamily COMASTHRIN ZX. GenwstG ©WAIN aes Az EL Glawrk.
Subgenus COMANTHUS.
Specific group BENNETTIA. COMANTHUS (BENNETTIA) WAHLBERGII (J. Miiller). Comatula coccodistoma (part) Paris Museum MS. Alecto wahlbergti J. Miiuter, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1843, Heft 1, p. 181. Actinometra parvicirra (part) P. H. CarpEnTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 338.—Bett, Marine Investigations in South Africa, vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 141.
Localities —Port Natal; Simons Bay, Natal; False Bay; Cape of Good Hope; Algoa Bay, close to Riy Bank (lat. 33° 58’ S.; long. 25° 51’ 30’’ E.); Tugela River mouth bearing NW. by W., 34 miles distant.
Depth. —Littoral, and dewn to 25 fathoms.
Bottom.—Dark sand, black specks, and rocks; rocks.
Remarks.—Hitherto this species has always been confused with the common East Indian Comanthus parvicirra, from which, however, it is very sharply separated, not even belonging in the same specific group. Its closest affinity is with Comanthus trichoptera of southern
80796°—Proc.N.M.vol.40—11——2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
Australia, and its presence at the Cape indicates a connection between the crinoid faunas of these two localities similar to that shown in many other groups.
Comanthus wahlbergu is a small stout species with well-developed, permanent cirri; these are from XII-XXV, 13-17 (usually about XV, 16), about 10 mm. long; from the fifth to the seventh (usually the sixth) a transition segment is developed which is usually well marked.
The centrodorsal is thin discoidal, with a broad flat dorsal pole 4 mm. in diameter, resembling that of C. trichoptera.
The arms are from thirteen to twenty-one in number (usually from sixteen to twenty) and are commonly about 60 mm. long. IIIBr series are rare. All the division series are 4 (3+4). The arms are short and stout, tapering rapidly, much asin Comatula brachiolata. The brachials overlap conspicuously, and the ends of the elements of the division series are prominent. The division series are broad and are close together laterally.
One of the specimens which I examined in the British Museum (catalogued under the name of Actinometra paucicirra) has thirteen pentacrinoids attached to the cirri; these are similar to those of Comactima meridionalis and possess seventeen columnars.
Specific group VALIDIA. COMANTHUS (VALIDIA) PARVICIRRA (J. Miiller).
Alecto parvicirra J. MiuuER, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1841, Heft 1, p. 145.
Alecto timorensis J. Miter, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1841, Heft 1, p. 145.
Comatula brevicirra DusarDIN and Hups, Hist. nat. des zoophytes; échino- dermes, 1862, p. 208.
Comatula simplex DusarpiIn and Hurt, Hist. nat. des zoophytes; échinodermes, 1862, p. 208.
Actinometra trachygaster (part) LUrKen, Mus. Godeffr. Cat., vol. 4, 1869, p. 125.
Actinometra intricata (part) LtrKen, Mus. Godefifr. Cat., vol. 5, 1874, p. 190.
Comatula mertensi GRUBE, J. B. der schls. Gesellsch. fiir vaterl. Cultur, 1875, p. 74.
Actinometra armata W. B. CarpEentER, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 24, 1876,
p. 451.
Actinometra polymorpha P. H. CARPENTER, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 13, 1877, p. 440.
Actinometra meyert P. H. CarPenter, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 16, 1882, p. 525.
Antedon mertensi Brit, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, p. 535.
Actinometra mutabilis von Grarr, Challenger Reports, vol. 10, Zoology, 1884, p. 18.
Actinometra annotea BELL, Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2), vol. 3, 1887, p. 645.
Actinometra elongata P. H. CarpEntTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 311.
Actinometra simplex P. H. CARPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 312.
Actinometra quadrata P. H. CarPenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 331.
No. 1808. REHCENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 19
Actinometra parvicirra (part) P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 338.
Actinometra rotalaria P. H. CarpENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 313.
Actinometra guttata (Liitken MS.) Harriaus, Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, No. 1, 1891, p. 96.
Comatula orientalis A. H. CuarK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 155.
Comatula helianthus A. H. Cuarx, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 440.
Comanthus rotalaria A. H. Cuarx, Smiths. Misc. Coll. (Quarterly Issue), vol. 52, pt. 2, 1908, p. 205.
Comanthus (Comanthus) rotalaria A. H. CuarK, Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. Forening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, p. 144.
Locality.— Seychelles; two specimens in the British Museum were collected by the Sea Lark expedition, under Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner.
Depth.—34 fathoms.
Remarks.—In the Berlin Museum there are some immature comas- terids from the Seychelles and some others from the Red Sea, the latter collected by Dr. R. Hartmeyer, which may belong to this species.
According to the data given by Carpenter in the Challenger report, the first available name for this species is Comatula rotalaria of Lamarck, Carpenter’s figure of Actinometra rotalaria clearly repre- senting this species. Upon examining Lamarck’s types at the Paris Museum, however, I found that his rotalaria is the species called Actinometra jukesw by Carpenter and Actinometra paucicirra by Bell, so that Miiller’s parvicirra becomes the earliest available name for the present form.
Miiller’s Alecto wahlbergiti must be eliminated from the synonymy of Comanthus parvicirra, in which it was included by Carpenter, as it has proved to be quite a different thing, a species related to C. trichoptera of southern Australia and not to C. parvicirra at all.
COMANTHUS (? species).
Locality—Cape St. André, Madagascar.
Depth.—About 30 meters.
Remarks.—Dr. P. R. Joly dredged in 1901 a single small specimen, undergoing adolescent autotomy, of some species of Comanthus. The cirri are XIIT, 13-14; there are twenty-three arms; one of the internal IUBr series is 2, all the other division series being 4 (8+4). The rays bear 4 (3+1), 5 (1+ 4), 5 (4+1), 2, and 7 (4+3) arms respec- tively. The cirri are rather more developed than is usual in C. parvicirra, with which the specimen otherwise agrees fairly well, and are rather more compressed and curved distally. The interradial perisome is strongly plated.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. you. 40.
COMANTHUS (3 species). Actinometra cumingit Brit. Mus. MS.
Locality.—Mauritius.
Remarks.—There are two small comasterids in the British Museum from Mauritius, one with thirteen, the other with fourteen arms, which are very close to, if not the same thing as, Comanthus parvicura.
Family HIMEROMETRIDE.
Subfamily HIMBROMHBTRIN 2«. Genus AMPHIMETRA A. H. Clark.
AMPHIMETRA AFRICANA, new species.
Description.—Centrodorsal, thin-discoidal, broad, the flat polar area being 4 mm. in diameter; cirrus sockets in a single more or less irregular closely crowded marginal row.
Cirri XXIII, 29-32 (usually 30), 20 mm. to 23 mm. long; first seg- ment short, the following gradually increasing in letigth to the seventh or eighth, which is about as long as broad; following similar, after the eleventh or twelfth very gradually decreasing in length so that the terminal segments are about one-third broader than long; tenth or eleventh (usually the latter) and following bearing long and promi- nent dorsal spines which begin abruptly; the cirri do not taper distally.
Radials entirely concealed; IBr, very short, bandlike, in apposition laterally; IBr, short, two and one-half times as broad as long, the lateral edges not so long as those of the [Br,, in apposition; [1Br 4 (3+4) (eight I[Br series are present; the other arms are broken off before the first syzygy); IBr, I[Br, and first brachials in close lateral apposition and sharply flattened against each other; sides of [Br and IIBr series slightly produced; synarthrial tubercles obsolete.
Nineteen (? twenty) arms (in the type) apparently about 125 mm. long; first brachial short, slightly wedge shaped, twice as broad as long exteriorly, interiorly united; second brachial slightly larger and more obliquely wedge shaped; third and fourth (syzygial pair) slightly longer interiorly than exteriorly, twice as broad as long interiorly ; following four or five brachials oblong, three times as broad as long, then becoming obliquely wedge shaped, twice as broad as long, and gradually less obliquely wedge shaped, after the end of the proximal half of the arm being practically oblong and very short.
P, 12.5 mm. long, slender, flagellate distally, with twenty-nine seg- ments, at first twice as broad as long, becoming about as long as broad on the eighth and nearly twice as long as broad terminally; second and following segments with a sharp carinate ridge with the crest parallel to the axis of the pinnule, which gradually becomes less
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 21
marked, disappearing on the tenth segment; P, 15 mm. long, consid- erably stouter than P, and not tapering so rapidly distally, with twenty-five segments, at first short, becoming about as long as broad on the eighth or tenth, and twice as long as broad terminally; from the fourth segment there runs outward on the outer side of the pinnule just distal to the medio-dorsal line a prominent narrow ridge which continues almost to the tip; there is a similar but less marked ridge on P,; second and following segments rather sharply, but not highly, carinate; P, similar to P., slightly longer, about the same size, or slightly shorter and smaller; P, 7 mm. long, rather stout, though much smaller than P,, tapering evenly to the tip, with fifteen seg- ments which become about as long as broad on the eighth; the second- eighth are rather strongly carinate; P, similar, but more slender, 6 mm. long, with only the second-sixth seements carinate; the following pinnules gradually lose the basal carnation, become more slender, and increase in length, reaching 8 mm. distally.
The color is brownish purple.
Localities —Bagamoyo, German East Africa; the type is No. 4616, Berlin Museum.
Zanzibar; a smaller specimen in the British Museum has the cirri XVI, 25-27, but is otherwise similar.
Waxin; I also found in the British Museum a specimen (labeled “ Actinometra sp.’”’) from Waxin, south of Mombasa. This specimen has twenty-three arms 120 mm. long, the I1Br series being 4 (3+ 4) and the IIIBr series being 2; the cirri are XX, 27; long, sharp dor- sal spines are developed from the tenth segment onward. Compared directly with a specimen of H. savigni the cirri are seen to be more spiny, the spines commencing nearer the centrodorsal, and the proximal pinnules are seen to be larger.
Remarks.—This species comes nearest to Amphimetra philibertr from the East Indies, but it is a smaller and less rugged form with fewer arms and much more spiny cirri.
Genus CRASPEDOMETRA A. H. Clark.
CRASPEDOMETRA ATER, new species.
Antedon ludovici Berlin Mus. MS.
Description.—Centrodorsal thick discoidal, the bare polar area slightly convex, 4 mm. in diameter; cirrus sockets in one and a partial second crowded and irregular marginal row.
Cirri XXIT, 32-36, 30 mm. to 33 mm. long, stout, not tapering dis- tally ; first seement short, the following gradually increasing in length to the fifth or sixth, which, with the remainder, is about half again as broad as long; on the fifteenth or sixteenth the middle of the distal dorsal edge becomes prominent, this after one or two more segments becoming a prominent rather high rounded carination of the entire
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
median dorsal line; distally this carination gradually narrows antero- posteriorly so that on the last four or five segments preceding the penultimate there is only a blunt median spine; opposing spine usually rather longer and sharper than the spines on the preceding segments, terminal or subterminal, directed obliquely forward, half as long as the lateral diameter of the penultimate segment; terminal claw some- what longer than the penultimate segment, stout and strongly curved basally but becoming straighter and more slender in the distal two- thirds.
Radials almost entirely concealed in the median line, but visible as a very low broad triangle in the angles of the calyx; Br, very short, bandlike, five or six times as broad as long, in close apposition later- ally; IBr, very broadly pentagonal, twice as broad as long; I1Br 4 (3+4), well rounded dorsally; ossicles of the [Br and TB: series as far as Pp in lateral apposition, though not ere flattened; syn- arthrial tubercles obsolete.
Fourteen arms (in the type) about 160 mm. long; first brachial very short, slightly wedge shaped, almost entirely Paired interiorly ; second brachial larger, more obliquely wedge shaped; third and fourth (syzygial pair) oblong, two and one-half to three times as broad as long; following five or six brachials oblong, three to four times as boced as lone, then becoming wedge shaped, moderately oblique, about three times as broad as long, soon gradually becoming less and less oblique, in the outer part of the arm being very short, three or three and a half times as broad as long, only slightly wedge shaped.
Py 11 mm. long with thirty-three segments, moderately stout proximally but rapidly tapering and becoming very slender and flagellate in the distal half; segments at first nearly three times as broad as long, but gradually increasing in length and becoming nearly or quite:as long as broad in the distal third; P, 13 mm. long with twenty-six segments, considerably stouter than Pp and tapering much less rapidly; the second-eighth segments are strongly carinate; P, 22 mm. long with thirty segments, similar in general to P, though much larger and stouter and tapering less rapidly ; proximal segments broad, becoming about as long as broad on the tenth or twelfth and remaining so until near the tip; the second-fifth segments are strongly carinate ; an 13 mm. long, much smaller and more slender than P,; Ve, comenrat smaller than P,; P; 9 mm. long, somewhat smaller (ihe P,; the proximal carination occurs on the onal: sixth segments; the following pinnules very slowly become more slender, at the same time gradually increasing in length; the distal pinnules are 10 mm. long; the distal carination of the proximal segments, which is very marked on the earlier pinnules, gradually becomes less and less marked, involving fewer and fewer segments; it is but slightly evident beyond P,p.
The color is a uniform purplish or violet black.
wo. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 23
Locality.—Red Sea; the type, which is No. 1055, Berlin Museum, was collected by Hempricht and Ehrenberg.
Remarks.—The stout short-segmented cirri which do not taper distally, and the uniformly large size of P,, which is much larger than P,, at once distinguish this species from all others in the genus.
CRASPEDOMETRA MADAGASCARENSIS, new species.
Description.—Centrodorsal thick-discoidal, the bare polar area slightly convex, 4 mm. in diameter; cirri arranged in two closely crowded irregular marginal rows.
Cirri XVI, 34-36, 25 mm. to 30 mm. long, stout basally, tapering slightly in the proximal half; first segment short, the following slowly increasing in length to the eighth or tenth, which is slightly broader than long to one-third broader than long, the distal segments being slightly shorter again; from the eleventh-fifteenth (usually about the fourteenth) onward small but prominent dorsal spines are developed; opposing spine larger than the spine on the preceding segment, tri- angular, the apex subterminal, arising from the whole dorsal surface of the penultimate segment, and equal in height to about one-half of its lateral diameter; terminal claw somewhat longer than the penulti- mate segment, moderately slender, especially in the distal two-thirds, rather strongly curved proximally but becoming straighter distally.
Radials concealed; [Br, very short, bandlike, in apposition later- ally; IBr, very broadly pentagonal, twice as broad as long, the lateral edges only half as long as those of the [Br,; I[Br 4(8+4); IBr and IIBr series and first brachials in close lateral apposition and laterally flattened; these flattened lateral edges are moderately produced; syn- arthrial tubercles obsolete.
Sixteen arms (in the type) 130 mm. long; first brachial slightly wedge shaped, twice as broad as long exteriorly, entirely united interi- orly; second brachial about the same size, but more obliquely wedge shaped; third and fourth (syzygial pair) slightly longer interiorly than exteriorly, twice as broad as the exterior length; next three or four brachials oblong, three times as broad as long, then becoming very obliquely wedge shaped, twice as broad as long, after the proximal fourth of the arm gradually becoming less obliquely wedge shaped, but never oblong; eighth and ninth and following with slightly pro- duced distal edges, this character gradually dying away after the middle of the arm.
P, slender, becoming very delicate in the distal half, 10 mm. long with twenty-six to twenty-eight segments, the first short, the follow- ing gradually increasing in length so that the eighth and following. are about as long as broad; the second-fourth are rather strongly, carinate.
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
Py 9.5 mm. long, more slender than P,, with thirty-two segments, tapering more rapidly from the base and therefore more slender in its outer portion; earlier segments short, becoming about as long as broad on the twelfth and following; second-fourth segments strongly carinate, the following narrowly carinate to about the middle of the pinnule; P, 12 mm. long, very slightly stouter basally than P, but tapering much more gradually, so appearing considerably stouter, with twenty-seven segments, which become about as long as broad on the sixth and from one-third to one-half again as long as broad distally; P, similar to P,, but very slightly larger and longer; P,8 mm. long, resembling P, and P,, but tapering more rapidly and therefore more slender in the distal half; P; 6 mm. long, small and weak, with sixteen segments, all but the outermost broader than long; following pinnules similar, gradually increasing in length and inthelength of the component segments, the distal pinnules being exceedingly slender, 8 mm.long. On the large lower pinnules the second-fifth segments are rather strongly carinate; this decreases rather rapidly distally, being soon confined to the second-fourth and then to the second-third, dis- appearing at the end of the proximal fourth of the arm.
The color is brownish white, the cirri being lighter and tinged with purple.
Locality.—Madagascar; the type, which is No. 5348 Berlin Museum, was collected by Doctor Voeltzkow.
Genus HETEROMETRA A. H. Clark. HETEROMETRA SAVIGNII (J. Miiller).
Comatula muitiradiata AupouIN, in Saviany, Description de l’Egypte, 1817, p. 205, pl. 1, fig. I, 1-6 —Lrucxart, Isis, vol. 5, 1839, p. 612.—von GrarFr, Das Genus Myzostoma, 1877, pp. 2, 22; Challenger Reports, vol. 10, Zool- ogy, 1884, p. 32.
Comatula, sp. LEucKART, Zeitschr. fiir organ. Physik, vol. 3, 1833, Heft 4, p. 387.
Comatula adeone DE BLAINVILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie (1834), 1836, pl. 26, figs. 1-5 (but not p. 249).
Alecto savignit J. Mtituer, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1841, Heft I, p. 144 (Red Sea).
Antedon savignyi Lupwia, in KossmMan, Reise nach dem Rothen Meer, vol. 5, 1880, p. 4.—P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, pp. 55, 252, 253, 255, 263, 366, 380.—Hartiaus, Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, 1891, No. 1, pl. 2, fig. 20.—Cuapwick, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 31, 1908, p. 47.
Heterometra savignit A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 11.
Localities.—‘Red Sea;” Gulf of Suez; Suez Bay; Ul Shubuk; Khor Shinab; Tor; Salaka.
This species ranges eastward as far as Muscat and Kurrachi.
Depth.—Littoral, and down to 12 fathoms.
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 25
HETEROMETRA JOUBINI, new species.
- Deseription—Curi XXII, 39-43, 30 mm. long; the segments are all subequal, about half again as broad as long; those in the outer half of the cirrus bear short dorsal spines. The cirri as a whole are comparatively long and moderately stout.
Twenty arms 80 mm. long; ten IIBr 4 (3+4) series are present. The arm divisions and the arm structure are as in H. reynaudii of Ceylon.
P, is the longest, half again as long as P, or P,, slender, with 21 segments, which become squarish on the fourth or fifth, then some- what longer than broad, and elongate terminally; P, is about as long as P,; P, and the following pinnules are shorter than P,. The lower segments of the proximal pinnules are moderately carinate.
Compared directly with the type of H. reynaudit, this species is seen to differ in its longer and somewhat more slender cirri, which have slightly longer segments.
Locality—Zanzibar; the type, which is in the Paris Museum, was collected by M. Rousseau in 1841. Dr. P. H. Carpenter examined the specimen on his visit to Paris, and noted it as representing a new species, though he never mentioned it in print.
HETEROMETRA GRAVIERI, new species.
Deseription.—Cirri XXVIII, 36-39, 21 mm. long, more slender than those of the preceding species; first segment short, the following gradually increasing in length to the fifth or sixth, which is from one- third to one-half again as broad as long, and after the eighth or ninth beginning to decrease again, so that those in the outer half are about twice as broad as long; the segments in the outer half of the cirri bear short dorsal spines.
Nineteen arms 80 mm. long, nine I[Br 4 (3 +4) series being present ; the arm structure resembles that of the preceding species; the division series have produced lateral margins; the brachials are only very slightly overlapping.
P, small and weak; P, half again as long as P,, slender, and flagel- late distally, with 24 segments, of which the second-fifth are carinate ; P, slightly smaller than P,, but much larger than P,; P, about as large as P,; following pinnules slightly shorter than P,; the proximal segments of all the lower pinnules are distinctly carinate.
As a whole this species is slightly more slender and delicate than the preceding, though of the same size.
Locality — Zanzibar; the type, which is in the Paris Museum, was collected by M. Rousseau in 1841. Dr. P. H. Carpenter also noted this species as new and as different from the preceding.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
Subfamily STHPHANOMETRIN &. Genus STEPHANOMETRA A. H. Clark.
STEPHANOMETRA MARGINATA (P. H. Carpenter).
Antedon marginata P. H. CarPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 230, pl. 40.—CHapwicx, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 31, 1908, p. 45. Stephanometra marginata A. H. Cuarx, Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. Forening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, p. 169; Amer. Naturalist, vol. 43, p. 255. Locality.— Suez Bay. This species is otherwise known from Ceylon, Singapore, and the Philippine Islands. Depth.—10 fathoms. Other records of depth range from littoral down to 30 fathoms. Remarks.—Mr. Chadwick has expressed some doubt in regard to the correctness of his identification of his two small and imperfect speci- mens from Suez, and I must confess to sharing his doubts.
STEPHANOMETRA INDICA (Smith).
Comatula indica Smita, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vol. 17, 1879, p. 406; Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 168, p. 564, pl. 51, figs. 3, 36 (but not 3a).
Stephanometra indica A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 10. ‘
Antedon palmata Bett, Trans. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), (2), vol. 13, 1909, pt. 1, p. 20.
Localities —Rodriguez; Madagascar; Seychelles; north reef, Far- quhar Atoll.
This species has also been reported from Ceylon, the Maldive Islands (under the name of Actinometra maculata), and the Bay of Bengal.
Depth.—Littoral, and down to 34 fathoms.
Remarks.—A specimen from Madagascar collected by M. Grandidier in 1905 has the cirri XXX, 20-22, smooth, the sixth segment the longest, about half again as long as broad; the last ten segments are half again as broad as long; the longer segments are slightly con- stricted centrally; there are about twenty-five arms; the II/Br series are developed in all cases internally instead of externally, as usual in the species; P, is long, stiff and spinelike, with about sixteen segments. Stephanometra indica might aptly be described as S. monacantha with P, much elongated and more delicate and flagellate distally.
Subfamily MARIAMBETRIN 4. Genus DICHROMETRA A. H. Clark. DICHROMETRA PROTECTUS (Liitken).
Antedon protectus LiitkKEN, Mus. Godeffroy Cat., vol. 5, 1874, p. 190 (nomen nudum).—LitKen, in P. H. Carpenter, Trans. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), (2) vol. 2, 1879, p. 19.
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK, 27
Antedon imparipinna P. H. CARPENTER, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 16, 1882, p. 502.—Cuapwick, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 31, 1908, p. 46. Dichrometra protectus A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 18; Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. Forening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, p. 172. Localities.—Suez Bay; Suakim Harbor. This species ranges eastward to Hongkong, the Philippines, Fiji,
and Tonga. DICHROMETRA PALMATA (J. Miiller).
?Caput- Meduse cinereum Lincx, De stellis marinis, 1733, p. 57, pl. 21, No. 33.
Comatula leucomelas (Riippel MS.) Leucxart, Zeitschr. fiir organ. Physik, vol. 3, 1833, Heft 4, pp. 387, 390 (nomen nudum).
Alecto palmata J. MtiuuER, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1841, Heft 1, p. 144. Comatula scita Paris Museum MS.—Dusarpin and Hur, Hist. nat. des zoophytes; échinodermes, 1862, p. 208. : Comatula palmata VON MARTENS, in von der Decken’s Reise in Ost-Africa, vol. 3,
1869; p. 129.
Antedon palmata Bet, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, pp. 533, 534.—HarTLaus, Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, 1891, No. 1, p. 49.—CHapwicx, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 31, 1908, p. 47.
Antedon leucomelas (Riippel MS.) Hartriaus, Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, 1891, No. 1, p. 51.
Dichrometra palmata A. H. CuarxK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 13.
Localities —‘‘Red Sea;” coral reef of Misharif Island, Khor Don- gola; between tide marks at Suez. This species ranges eastward to the Tonga Islands.
Depth.—Littoral.
DICHROMETRA (? species).
Locality —Cape St. André, Madagascar; Zanzibar.
Depth—About 30 meters.
Remarks.—In the Paris Museum there are two young examples of some species of Dichrometra from Madagascar. One specimen has exactly twenty arms, one I] Br series being present and one I1Br series absent; the other also has about twenty arms. The species represented is related to D. palmata, though apparently different. There is a similar specimen in the British Museum from Zanzibar.
DICHROMETRA (? species). Locality.—Zanzibar. Remarks—The British Museum contains a young specimen of some species of Dichrometra, near D. flagellata, from Zanzibar.
DICHROMETRA KLUNZINGERI (Hartlaub).
Antedon klunzingeri Hartiaus, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, Mai 1890, p. 175; Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, 1891, No. 1, p. 46, pl. 2, figs. 22, 25. Dichrometra klunzingert A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, 10q Ll}- Locality.— Koseir; Ras-el-Millan, Red Sea. Depth.—Littoral.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
DICHROMETRA FLAGELLATA (J. Miiller).
Alecto flagellata J. MiuueR, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1841, Heft 1, p. 145. Antedon flagellata Lupwie, Senck. naturforsch. Ges., vol. 21, 1899, Heft 4, p. 538. Dichrometra flagellata A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 13. Localities—Reef opposite the harbor of Lamu; Zanzibar. Depth.—Littoral. This species ranges eastward to Singapore, New Guinea, and
Amboina. Family COLOBOMETRIDA.
Genus CENOMETRA A. H. Clark. CENOMETRA EMENDATRIX (Bell). Antedon emendatriz BELL, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) vol. 9, 1892, p. 428, pl. 18. Antedon spicata BELL, Trans. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), (2), vol. 13, 1909, pt. 1, p. 20.
Description.—Centrodorsal low hemispherical or thick discoidal, the sides strongly inclined, about 4 mm. in diameter; dorsal pole very slightly concave, small; cirrus sockets arranged in two crowded and irregular rows.
Cirri XVIII, 28-33 (usually nearer the latter), comparatively slender, 15 mm. to 20 mm. long; first cirrus segment short, the following gradually increasing in length to the fourth which, with the follow- ing, is about half again as broad as long; the penultimate and ante- penultimate segments are about as long as broad; after the eighth the distal dorsal edge begins to project slightly, this projection after the sixteenth becoming a pair of small, though prominent, dorsal spines situated close together, one on either side of the median line; on the antepenultimate segment only a single median small spine is found; in the terminal third of the cirrus the paired dorsal spines, which at first were near the distal dorsal edge of the segments, have moved to a median position; opposing spme long and prominent, reaching somewhat over half the diameter of the penultimate segment in height, arising from nearly or quite the entire dorsal surface of that segment, the apex subterminal or median; terminal claw about as long as the penultimate segment, rather stout basally, but abruptly decurved and comparatively slender in its distal half.
Radials four or five times as broad as long, their interior angles slightly separated; IBr, oblong, twice as broad as long; IBr, (axil- - lary) nearly or quite as long as broad, pentagonal, with a slight transverse median constriction; IiBr 2, resembling the IBr; the divi- sion series and first brachials bear comparatively short, though thick, ventrolateral processes; the division series are well separated.
Seventeen arms 90 mm. long, comparatively slender and delicate, increasing slightly in width to the twelfth or fourteenth brachials, then gradually tapering distally; first two brachials subequal, wedge- shaped, about twice as broad as long exteriorly, the first interiorly
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 29
united for about the proximal two-thirds; third and fourth brachials (syzygial pair) slightly longer than broad to slightly broader than long; following three to five or six brachials oblong, about twice as broad as long, then becoming very obliquely wedge-shaped, almost triangular, half again as broad as long, and in the distal part of the arm nearly or quite as broad as long; there is a slight development of small spines along the distal edges of the brachials. Syzygies occur between the third and fourth brachials, again between the twenty-first and twenty-second to thirtieth and thirty-first, and dis- tally at intervals of from-nine to twenty-five (usually about fourteen) oblique muscular articulations.
P, small, slender, and weak, 5 mm. or 6 mm. long, with 18 or 20 seoments, of which the second, third, and fourth bear broad carinate processes; first four segments broader than long, the fifth about as long as broad, the following slightly longer than broad, becoming about half again as long as broad distally; P, stout and stiff, 9 mm. long, with fifteen to eighteen segments, and much the largest pinnule on the arm, though not nearly so stout as in most of the allied species; the first two or three segments are broader than long, the following about as long as broad, distally slightly longer than broad; the distal ends of the segments are slightly produced and finely spinous, espec- ially in the outer part; following pinnules small and weak, 4 mm. long, with eleven segments, the first two broader than long, the third about as long as broad, the following slowly increasing in length, becoming half again as long as broad distally; distal pinnules very slender, 9 mm. long, with twenty segments, which become twice as long as broad or somewhat longer distally.
The color is purple, the cirri and P, yellow, the remaining pinnules white.
Localities.—Mauritius; Seychelles.
Depth.—Littoral, and down to 39 fathoms.
Remarks.—This redescription is based upon a fine specimen in the Berlin Museum. The whole animal is very slender, which, with the strong carination of the lower pinnules, makes this species an easy one to recognize.
A fine series of eight specimens, four from Mauritius (the types) and four from the Seychelles (Sea Lark expedition) show that the arms vary from twelve to twenty-two in number, though the former is only found in young examples; the usual number appears to be between fifteen and twenty. The arm division is always external as in the other species of Cenometra. The arms are from 90 mm. to 100 mm.long. The cirri are XIV—-XX, 32-41 (usually about 35); P, is, for the genus, comparatively slender, and possesses from nineteen to twenty-one segments. The strong carination of the earlier segments of the proximal pinnules make this species an easy one to recognize.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
Genus COLOBOMETRA 4A. H. Clark. COLOBOMETRA CHADWICEI, new species.
Antedon serripinna CHapwick, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 31, 1908, p. 44 (Suez Bay). ? Oligometra serripinna A. H. CLarx, Amer. Naturalist, vol. 43, 1909, p. 255.
Description.—Centrodorsal thin discoidal, the polar area broad and flat, 2 mm. in diameter; cirrus sockets arranged in a single closely crowded marginal row.
Cirri XVI, 22-24, 12 mm. to 14 mm. long; first segment short, the following gradually increasing in length to the third or fourth which, with the remainder, is about as long as broad; second and following segments with the distal dorsal edge produced into a finely spinous transverse ridge which gradually becomes crescentic, in dorsal view, then V-shaped, on the tenth segment parting in the middle and on the last four or five before the antepenultimate becoming a pair of small erect median spines; antepenultimate segment with a single median spine; the dorsal processes are rather high, reaching about one-quarter of the lateral diameter of the segments; opposing spine large and prominent, triangular, terminal, arising from the whole dorsal surface of the penultimate segment, and one-half as high as that segment; terminal claw slightly longer than the penultimate seg- ment, stout, strongly curved basally, but becoming straighter dis- tally; the distal ventral edge of the cirrus segments is slightly produced and very finely spinous.
Radials even with the edge of the centrodorsal; I[Br, oblong, slightly over twice as broad as long, not in contact basally; IBr, long, pen- tagonal, about as long as broad, the lateral edges nearly or quite as long as those of the IBr,.
Ten arms about 90 mm. long; first two brachials subequal, slightly wedge-shaped, the first about twice as broad as the median length, interiorly united for its proximal half or two-thirds, the distal halves of the inner edge diverging at a right angle; the second is somewhat longer; third and fourth (syzygial pair) about as long as broad; fol- lowing five or six approximately oblong, about twice as broad as long, then becoming triangular, as long as broad, and distally wedge-shaped, about as long as broad, longer than broad terminally; [Br series and brachials in the proximal fourth of the arm with a faint narrow median keel; proximal triangular brachials with slightly produced distal ends.
P, absent; P, 7.5 mm. to 8 mm. long, very slender, evenly tapering from the base to the tip with sixteen segments, the first broader than long, the second about as long as broad, the following gradually increasing in length, after the seventh being three times as long as broad; the outer segments have slightly spinous distal ends; P,
no. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 31
13 mm. long, slender (though stouter than P,), especially distally, with twenty or twenty-one segments, the first not quite so long as broad, the second slightly longer than broad, the following increasing in length, so that the fourth and following are between two and five times as long as broad; fourth or fifth and following segments with the distal edge and the distal ventro-lateral border prominently everted and spinous as in the other species of the genus, though the production is not quite so much as usual; the dorsal (outer) portion of the outer edge of the segments is not produced; P, 7.5 mm. long, as slender as P, but stiffened, with fifteen segments resembling those of P,; P, 6.5 mm. long, with sixteen segments, resembling P,, though slightly more slender; P,; 6 mm. long, slightly more slender and less stiffened than P,, but with the same number of segments; following pinnules resembling P,, soon slowly increasing in length, slenderness, and length of the component segments.
The color is deep violet, with the cirri a purplish flesh color.
Locality.—Suez Bay; the type is Cat. No. 27509, U.S.N.M.
Depth.—10 fathoms.
Genus DECAMETRA A. H. Clark. DECAMETRA MOBIUSI, new species.
Description.—Centrodorsal small, thin-discoidal; cirrus sockets arranged in a single, somewhat irregular, marginal row.
Cirri XIV, 14-16, 7 mm. long; first segment short, the following gradually increasing in length to the sixth, which, with the following, is about as long as broad; on the fourth a slight projection of the distal dorsal edge begins to appear; this moves progressively ante- riorly, on the ninth and following becoming a low, short transverse median ridge, appearing as a small spine in lateral view, and on the last two or three segments a small median spine; opposing spine median in position, slender and sharp, much longer than the processes on the preceding segments, in height equal to about half the diameter of the penultimate segment; opposing spine longer than the penul- timate segment, stout and comparatively slightly curved basally, but becoming more slender and more strongly curved in the distal half.
Radials projecting slightly beyond the centro-dorsal, the distal interradial angles widely separated; IBr, oblong, about two and one-half times as broad as long; [Br, (axillary) broadly pentagonal, about twice as broad as long.
Ten arms 50 mm. long, resembling those of C. studeri.
P, 4.5 mm. long, slender, evenly tapering, and becoming flagellate distally with about thirteen segments, the first short, the second and third about as long as broad, the following gradually increasing in length, becoming about twice as long as broad distally, but shorter
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
again terminally; P, 5 mm. long, stouter and stiffer than P, (the largest pinnule on the arm), with eleven or twelve segments; first segment about twice as broad as long, second almost or quite as long as broad, the following gradually increasing in length, being twice as long as broad in the distal half of the pinnule; the distal edges of the second and following pinnule segments are slightly everted and finely spinous, and the dorsal distal angles of the segments are pro- duced in the form of a short blunt process tipped with a tuft of fine spines; P, 3 mm. long, with about twelve segments proportioned as in P,; the pinnule is slightly less stout basally than P,, and is shorter, weaker, and more slender than that pinnule; following pinnules similar, soon gradually increasing in length and becoming more slender, the distal pinnules being about 6 mm. long with about eighteen much elongated segments, and exceedingly slender.
The color is light yellowish, the primibrachs, a narrow band at the level of the second syzygy, and a few ill-defined bands in the distal portion of the arms, purple; perisome brown; cirri and P, straw yellow.
Locality —Mauritius; the type, which is in the Berlin Museum, was collected by Prof. K. Mébius.
DECAMETRA MODICA, new species.
Description.—Centrodorsal small, discoidal, with a very small dorsal pole; cirrus sockets arranged in two closely crowded irregular rows.
Cirri XITV-XVI, 16-20, 8 mm. long; first seement short, the fol- lowing slowly increasing in length and becoming terminally about as long as broad; third and following with slightly produced distal dorsal edges which gradually become narrower and move to a more central position, on the last five or six segments preceding the penul- timate becoming a very small sharp median spine; opposing spine prominent, sharp, slender, subterminal, directed obliquely forward, much larger than the spines on the preceding segments, in height equal to one-half the lateral diameter of the penultimate segment.
Radials short, about two and one-half times as broad as long; IBr, oblong, rather more than twice as broad as long; [Br, pentagonal, broader. than long, the distal edges slightly thickened.
Ten arms 35 mm. to 40 mm. long, resembling those of D. informs, but the brachials are slightly longer.
P, 3.5 mm. long, with eleven or twelve segments, the first short, the second about as long as broad, the following slowly increasing in length and becoming three times as long as broad terminally; the pinnule is comparatively stout and resembles P,, though, in direct proportion to its lesser length, smaller; P, 4.5 mm. long with thirteen segments, the first short, the second about as long as broad, the fol- lowing gradually increasing in length and becoming twice as long as broad distally; third and following segments with slightly projecting
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 38
and finely spinous distal edges, especially along the thin ventral distal border; P, 3 mm. long, much smaller and weaker and much less stiff than P,, with ten segments; following pinnules similar, slowly becom- ing longer and more slender, the component segments slowly increas- ing in length; distal pinnules very slender, 5 mm. long.
The color is light pinkish narrowly and sparsely banded with deep purple, or entirely deep purple.
Locality —Bagamoyo, German East Africa.
DECAMETRA ALAUDZ&, new species.
Description.—Cirri XV, 26, small and slender, all the segments subequal, about twice as broad as long.
Ten arms, 90 mm. long resembling those of D. taprobanes, to which this species appears to be most closely related.
P, absent; P, slender and flagellate, 8 mm. long with 21 squarish segments; P, much larger, stouter, and stiffer, 11 mm. long, tapering very gradually, with 16 segments, the fifth-seventh half again as long as broad, the remainder squarish or broader than long; from the fourth outward the segments have projecting distal edges and distal angles so that the pinnule as a whole reminds one strongly of P, in the genus Cenometra; P, is similar to P, but smaller and much more slender and flagellate distally, 10 mm. long, with 19 segments; P, and the following pinnules are 6 mm. long, small, weak, and slender; the distal pinnules are very slender, 10 mm. long.
Locality—Cargados Carajos; the type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner on the Sea Lark expedition. Another specimen from the same locality is probably referable to this species, though P, is more slender.
Depth.—30 fathoms.
Genus) OLIGO MED RATA. He Clark:
OLIGOMETRA SERRIPINNA, var. OCCIDENTALIS, new variety.
Antedon serripinna P. H. Carpenter, Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol. 3, 1881, p. 182.—Hartiaus, Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, 1891, No. 1, p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 48.
Ogouetra serripinna A. H. CLarKk, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 21, 1908, p. 126.
Locality — Mauritius; Cargados Carajos.
Depth.—Littoral, and down to 30 fathoms.
Remarks.—The single specimen before me from Mauritius has the arms about 55 mm. long and the cirri XVI, 17,9 mm. long. P, is 7 mm. long, with about fifteen segments.
The lower pinnules of this specimen exhibit almost none of the peculiar expansion of the distal ends of the segments from which this species gets its name, there being merely a small process ending in a
80796°—Proc.N.M.vol.40—11——3
.
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
a
tuft of very fine spines at the three distal angles. This character, however, is very variable, and I find that I can match this specimen fairly well with some from Singapore in the collection of the Copen- hagen Museum and with those from India in the collection of the Indian Museum. The cirri are proportionately slightly longer than usual, but here again it agrees with other specimens from India and Singapore. In these two features it represents rather an extreme type, and it may be that additional material will show the existence on Mauritius of a peculiar species, a localized offshoot from the O. serripinna stock.
Nine specimens in Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner’s collection from Cargados Carajos which I recently examined at the British Museum are similar to the preceding. The cirri are XIV—XVII, 18-22 (usu- ally 19-20), the distal segments being about as long as broad. P, is much larger than P, or P, and has nineteen segments, most of which are about as long as broad, or slightly longer than broad. The lateral processes at the distal ends of the outer pinnule segments are only slightly evident; the segments of the pinnules succeeding P, have rather strongly projecting distal edges and angles. The arms are from 70 mm. to 80 mm. long. ‘
For the present it would be convenient to distinguish this form as var. occidentalis.
Family TROPIOMETRID.
Genus TROPIOMETRA A. H. Clark. TROPIOMETRA CARINATA (Lamarck).
? Alecto carinata Leacu, Zool. Misc., vol. 2, 1815, p. 63.
Comatula carinata LAMARCK, Hist. nat. des animaux sans vertébres, vol. 2, 1816, p. 535.—MicHELiIn, Revue et mag. de zool., 1845, p. 27—Von Martens, in von der Decken’s Reise in Ost-Africa, vol. 3, 1869, p. 129.—PourTALEs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 5, 1878, No. 9, p. 214.
Comatula bicolor DusARDIN and Hup#, Hist. nat. des zoophytes; échinodermes, 1862, p. 208.
Actinometra solaris voN MARTENS, von der Decken’s Reise in Ost-Africa, vol. 3, 1869, p. 129.
Antedon carinata (part) P. H. CarPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 199 (but not pl. 34).
Antedon capensis Bewt, Marine Investigations in South Africa, vol. 4, 1905, p. 139, pl. 2.
Tropiometra carinata A. H. Crarx, Smiths. Misc. Coll. (Quarterly Issue), vol. 50, 1907, pt. 3, p. 349.
Localities.—Seychelles; Mascarine Islands; Zanzibar; Mauritius; Madagascar; Saya de Malha;? Cargados Carajos; north reef, Farquhar Atoll; the following localities in South Africa: off Algoa Bay, close
1 This locality is given by Bell as ‘Sd M. 300-500; ” the solution of this missing word puzzle as given in the key is ‘‘Saya de Malha, 55fathoms.’’ What is the significance of the ‘‘300-500?”’
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 35
to Riy Bank (lat. 33° 58’ S.; long. 25° 51’ 30’’ E.); Tugela River mouth bearing NW. by W., 34 miles distant; Rocky Bank, False Bay; Dumford Point bearing NE by E., 9 miles distant. Depth.—Littoral, and down to 30 fathoms. Bottom.—Reefs; rocks; rocks and coral; sand and shell; dark sand, black specks, and rocks.
TROPIOMETRA PICTA (Gay).
?Alecto carinata Leacn, Zool. Misc., vol. 2, 1815, p. 63.
Comatula picta Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, vol. 8, 1854, p. 429.— DusarpiIn and Hurt, Hist. nat. des zoophytes; échinodermes, 1862, p. 208.
Antedon braziliensis (LUTKEN MS.) VerritL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1867, p 341 (nomen nudum).—RatuBun, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 5, 1879, p. 156.
Antedon carinata (part) P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 199, pl. 34, figs. 1-7.
Antedon diibent (part) P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 181, pl. 37, fig. 1 (but not figs. 2, 3).
Tropiometra braziliensis A. H. Cutark, Smiths. Misc. Coll. (Quarterly Issue), vol. 50, pt. 3, 1907, p. 349.
Locality.—St. Helena.
Remarks.—The specimen obtained by the Challenger at Bahia in 20 fathoms and referred by Carpenter to Béhlsche’s Antedon diibenii is also of this species.
Gay has described, under the name of Comatula picta, a new species of Tropiometra from Chile. I have examined his specimens in Paris and find that they are of the common Brazilian species. He says:
C. radiis incrassatis, pinnatis decem, dorso obsoleté carinatis et tuberculatis; cirrhis dorsalibus 24; brachiis in pinnulis rubro et fusco articulatis.
Especie de radios espesos, articulados, en niimero de diez, cargados de pinulas bastante delgadas; estos radios llevan en el medio de su faz dorsal una carena poco marcada, sobre la cual existe una sene de tuberculillos salientes y puntuados. Los brazos 6 las cirras dorsales son delgados, articulados, desiguales y en ntiimero de veinte y cuartro. Toda la extension del brazo y de las cirras dorsales esta como articulada por manchas anulares, alternativamente encarnadinas y pardas.
Esta linda especie de Comatula es hasta cierto punto vecina del C. carinata Lamk. Sus brazos 6 radios son espesos y carnudos como en esta especies, pero difiere de ella por su coloracion sumamente elegante, que consiste en manchas anulares de un bruno encarnadino el cual cubre toda la estension de los radios y de las pinulas. Se halla en Chile.
Gay’s original specimens are in the Paris Museum, and were in 1862 listed by Dujardin and Hupé in their monograph under the name of Comatula picta. This name was originally proposed by Valenciennes, and subsequently adopted by Gay. Gay did not find the species in Chile himself, but merely recorded in his work some specimens he found in the Paris Museum labeled as from Chile while he was engaged in writing his history. The coast of Chile has been carefully searched by zoélogists over and over again, and no one who has been in that country ever mentioned the occurrence of crinoids
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
(other than Heliometra) there from personal observation. Dr. Carlos Porter, of Santiago, assures me that they are never found there. We must conclude, therefore, either that Valenciennes’ specimens were wrongly labeled, or that some other Chile is meant.
The Antedon braziliensis proposed, but not described, by Liitken, which is the same thing as Gay’s Comatula picta, and subsequently compared in considerable detail, with Lamarck’s Comatula carinata by Rathbun has never been recognized; it is a perfectly good species, however, as I have recently been able to assure myself, most obvi- ously differing from carinata in the greater length of the outer cirrus segments.
TROPIOMETRA ENCRINUS, new species.
Comatula, sp. AUDoUIN, in Savieny, Description de l’ Egypte, 1817, p. 205, pl. 1.
Alecto encrinus LitTKEN MS.
? Antedon, sp. MosELEy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 17, 1877, p. 8.—Mac Munn, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 30, 1890, p. 55.
Antedon marmorata P. H. CARPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 202 (nomen nudum).
Antedon carinata (part) (not of Lamarck) P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 199.
Localities.—‘‘ Red Sea;’’ Aden; ? Suez.
This species ranges eastward to the South Sea Islands and the east coast of Asia; it appears to be generally rare, though common about Ceylon.
Remarks.—I am not absolutely certain that the Red Sea speci- mens of Tropiometra should be referred to this species, as I have never been able to examine any of large size, but they seem to be nearer encrinus of corresponding size than to any other form.
Tropiometra encrinus, while having the same number of cirrus segments as J. carinata and T. picta, has proportionately longer and stouter cirri, the stoutness being especially noticeable distally, Owing to the increased size of the cirri as a whole, the proportions of the segments are the same as in T. picta.
Family THALASSOMETRIDE.
Subfamily THALASSOMHBEITIN 42*. Genus CROTALOMETRA A. H. Clark.
CROTALOMETRA MAGNICIRRA (Bell).
Antedon magnicirra Brett, Marine Investigations in South Africa, vol. 4, 1905 p. 141, pl. 4.
Crotalometra magnicirra A. H. CiarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 80.
Localities—Buffalo River, East London, bearing NW. 3 W., 19 miles distant; the same landmark bearing N. 15 miles distant; Hast London bearing NW. } N., approximately 20 miles distant (Bell).
Depth.—300-450 fathoms.
NO. 1808. _ RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 37
CROTALOMETRA PORRECTA (P. H. Carpenter). Antedon porrecta P. H. CARPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 200, pl. 52, figs. 3-5. Antedon (Crotalometra) porrecta K@HLER and VaANeY, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., TOTO. No. L.<pr 32. Locality — Near Ascension Island (lat. 7° 54’ 20’ S.; long. 14° 28’ 207” W.). Depth.—420 fathoms. Bottom.—V oleanic sand. Remarks—MM. Koehler and Vaney record this species from the Bay of Biscay (lat. 45° 19’ N.; long. 6° 29’ W.) in 1,480 meters; it thus probably occurs on the coast of Morocco.
CROTALOMETRA FLAVA (Kehler).
Antedon flava K@HiER, Rev. biol. du nord de la France, vol. 7, 1895, p. 475. Antedon (Crotalometra) flava Ka:Huer and VANEy, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 31. | Locality —South of the Canary Islands (lat. 25° 39’ N.; long. 18° 22OW .): Depth.—882 meters. This species was, previous to 1910, only known from the Bay of Biscay, where the type was dredged by the Caudan in 1,480 meters.
Genus THALASSOMETRA A. H. Clark. THALASSOMETRA LUSITANICA (P. H. Carpenter). Antedon lusitanica P. H. CARPENTER, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 12, 1884, p. 368; Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 109, pl. 39, figs. 1-3; Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 24, 1892, p. 65.—Ka@u.er, Echinodermes proy- enant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice, 1909, p. 267, pl. 1, figs. 7, 8; pl. 32, figs. 12-14. Thalassometra lusitanica A. H. CuarK, Smiths. Misc. Coll. (Quarterly Issue), Issue), vol. 50, 1907, pt. 3, p. 360. Antedon (Crotalometra) lusitanica Ka@HuER and VANEyY, Bull. du mus. d’hist. Nate LOlOM None pr sie Localities.—Madeira; from the Brazilian cable, near Funchal; south on eunchal (at. 320 39’ 207 N.; long. 16° 40’ 55’’ W.; lat: 32° 32” 30’” N.; long. 17° 02’ W.; and lat. 32° 34’ N.; long. 17° 02’ 45’” W.); off the southeast coast of Teneriffe, Canary Islands (lat. 28° 04’ N.; long. 16° 49’ 30’’ W.); near Mogador, Morocco (lat. 31° 43’ 30’’ N.; long. 10° 46’ 45’’ W.); between Madeira and Morocco (lat. 33° 17’ INGulone. 14° 23’ W.). Depth.—900-2,165 meters. THALASSOMETRA OMISSA (Kehler).
Antedon omissa Ka@uter, Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice, 1909, p. 268, pl. 33, fig. 10.
Locality.—Off the southeastern coast of Teneriffe, Canary Islands. Depth.—1,330-1,349 meters.
38 PROCHEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
THALASSOMETRA MULTISPINA (P. H. Carpenter). Antedon multispina P. H. CARPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, pp. 117, 241, 248, pl. 13, figs. 1-3; pl. 14, figs. 5-7; pl. 69, figs. 1-4. Thalassometra multispina A. H. Ciarx, Smiths. Misc. Coll. (Quarterly Issue), vol. 50, 1907, p. 360.
Locality.—Near Ascension Island (lat. 7° 54’ 20’’ S.; long. 14° 287 207’ We),
Depth.—420 fathoms.
Bottom.—V oleanic sand.
COSMIOMETRA GARDINERI, new species.
Description.—This species is most closely related to C. woodmasona, with the type of which I was able to compare it directly. The cirri are longer and more slender than in that form, 30 mm. long with 29-31 segments which are proportionately longer.
Twenty arms; the carination of the division series is broader than in woodmasoni; the lower brachials have a broad median keel quite different from the faintly indicated crest of woodmasoni; the outer brachials are very strongly overlapping and broadly carinate, the raised portion, when viewed dorsally, having a triangular shape, the apex of the triangle being proximal. The same type of carination is found in woodmasoni, but the triangles are narrower.
Locality.— Saya de Malha; the type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by the Sea Lark expedition under Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner.
Depth —135 fathoms.
Subfamily CHARITOMBH TRIN 2. Genus PACH YLOMETRA A. H. Clark. PACHYLOMETRA SCLATERI (Bell).
Antedon sclateri Bett, Marine Investigations in South Africa, vol. 4, 1905, p. 140, pl. 3.
Pachylometra sclateri A. H. CLiarx, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, 1909, p. 20.
Locality.—Kast London bearing NW. 4 N., 18 miles distant. Depth.—250-300 fathoms.
Suborder MACROPHREATA.
Family ANTEDONID. Subfamily ANTE DONIN 4%. Genus ANTEDON de Fréminville. ANTEDON BIFIDA (Pennant).
Aexdxvepoc rosacea Linck, De stellis marinis, 1738, p. 55, pl. 37, fig. 66 (based upon the Decempeda cornubiensium of Lilhuyd, 1699).
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 39
Asterias bifida PENNANT’, British Zoology, vol. 4, 1777, No. 70.
Antedon rosacea P. H. Carpenter, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 4, 1881, p. 521; Chal- lenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, pp. 355, 377.—J. Barrors, Rev. biol. du nord de la France, vol. 1, 1889, pp. 32, 33.
Aniedon bifida Bett, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) vol. 4, 1889, p. 432.
Locality.— Azores (common); Bay of San Pedro (abundant); Algiers; Tangier; Morocco; Madeira.
Remarks.—There are three specimens of this species in the Copen- hagen Museum collection which were collected at Tangier; one of them has the arms about 60 mm. long, rather stout, and cirri XXXV, 13-15 (usually 15) about 12 mm. long; P, is 12 mm. long with twenty-five segments, and P, 5 mm. long with sixteen segments; the production of the distal ends of the segments of the proximal pinnules is marked; another is similar, with arms 60 mm. long and cirri XXX, 14-16; it has eleven arms, one of the [Br axillaries (the right posterior) bearing on the right (i. e., anterior) side a single axillary; the third specimen is similar to these, but smaller, with arms only 40 mm. long.
In general structure and in the details of the arms, especially the arm bases and the [Br series, these animals appear to be identical with a series at hand from southern England and the Channel Islands; moreover, there are the same small clusters of perisomic interradials in each interradial angle. A specimen from Plymouth, England, so far as I can see, matches them exactly in all respects.
It was somewhat of a surprise to me to find this species at Tangier, south of the Straits of Gibraltar, instead of the quite different A. mediterranea. It is more surprising still to find an example with eleven arms showing a physiological similarity as well as a similarity in form between specimens from England and from Africa; for of the four species of Antedon, A. bifida is the only one which, so far as known, ever exhibits any tendency toward an increase in the number of the arms over the primitive ten.
But the most curious fact of all is that it is this species and not A. mediterranea which occurs at Algiers. I have recently examined five specimens and several pentacrinoids from that locality which are in the Paris Museum. ‘They resemble closely those from Tangier just described, but the cirri are XXIV-XXX, 12-14 (usually 13-14).
Carpenter has recorded ‘‘Antedon rosacea” from Madeira. While his specimens probably are of the present species, there is a possi- bility that they are in reality Antedon hupferi.
ANTEDON MEDITERRANEA (Lamarck).
Aexéxveyoc erocea Linck, De stellis marinis, 1733, p. 53 (based upon the OexadacvaxtevoscOjc of Columna, 1592).
Aecxaxveoc barbata Lincx, De stellis marinis, 1738, p. 55, pl. 37, fig. 64 (based upon the dexdavepyoc fimbriata of Barrelier, 1714).
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
Comatula mediterranea LAMARCK, Hist. nat. des animaux sans vertebres, vol. 2, 1816, p. 535.
Antedon rosacea (part) P. H. CARPENTER, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 18, 1877, p. 441; Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 4, 1881, p. 521; Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, pp. 355, 377.
Antedon mediterranea A. H. Cuarx, Vid. Medd. fra den naturhist. Forening i K¢gbenhayn, 1909, pp. 120, 128.
Locality.—Bay of Benzert (Bizerta), Tunis.
Depth.—50-100 fathoms.
Remarks.—It is not absolutely certain that this is the species repre- sented by the specimens dredged by the Porcupine off the coast of Tunis, though it seems most probable that this determination is correct. There is a possibility that A. adriatica, A. bifida, or even an undescribed form may occur in these waters. A. mediterranea is found on the European side of the Mediterranean as far east as the Cyclades, from which islands I have seen a specimen in the Bergen Museum.
ANTEDON HUPFERI (Hartlaub).
Antedon rosacea GREEFF, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 5, 1882, pp. 116, 159. Antedon hupferi Hartiaus, Nachr. Ges. Goéttingen, Mai, 1890, p. 171; Nova Acta Acad. German., vol. 58, 1891, No. 1, p. 88, pl. 5, figs. 53, 59. Locality.—Isla das Rolas (near Sio Thomé); Wapoo, Ivory Coast; Gorée, Sénégal; Canary Islands; Madeira. Depth.—13-21 fathoms. ,
Remarks.—The Challenger specimen of ‘ Antedon dtibeniv”’ described and figured by Carpenter is an example of Tropiometra picta. He unhesitatingly identified with “Antedon diibenii” as he understood it the specimens secured at_Rolas by Professor Greeff, and some others from Madeira which he obtained from Professor Lovén and from Mr. J. Y. Johnson of Funchal; at the same time he expresses the belief that this species is only a synonym of Antedon bifida.
In view of all this it is rather uncertain just what the Canary and Madeira specimens can be; they are “unquestionably identical with those from Brazil,’’ but the latter represent two species. Taking everything together, however, it would seem that the species with which he intended to compare these specimens was the one described by Bohlsche, or else he certainly could not have remarked on their similarity to Antedon bifida.
Genus IRIDOMETRA A. H. Clark. IRIDOMETRA MAURITIANA, new species. Description.—Centrodorsal low-hemispherical, the slightly con- cave dorsal pole 1 mm. in diameter; cirrus sockets arranged in
approximately four closely crowded alternating rows, the most proximal with about four cirrus sockets to each radial area.
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 4]
Cirri XXX-XLV, 10-13 (usually 11-12) 9 mm. to 11 mm. long; first segment short, second not quite so long as broad, third twice as long as broad, fourth about two and one-half times as long as the proximal diameter; following segments gradually decreasing in length so that the penultimate is less than one-third again as long as broad; the elongated lower segments are slightly constricted cen- trally, and the distal half of the cirrus is rather strongly flattened laterally; opposing spine prominent, though small, sharp, sub- terminal, more or less erect; terminal claw slightly longer than the penultimate segment, rather stout and rather strongly curved.
Radials even with the edge of the centrodorsal; IBr, exceedingly short and bandlike; IBr, triangular, twice as broad as long, the anterior angle sharp, the middle of the posterior margin somewhat produced proximally, the lateral angles extending considerably beyond the anterolateral angles of the IBr,.
Ten arms 30 mm. to 45 mm. long; first brachial very short, some- what shorter interiorly than exteriorly, interiorly united basally; second brachial much larger, irregularly quadrate; third and fourth brachials (syzygial pair) somewhat longer interiorly than exteriorly, about twice as broad as the interior length; following four brachials approximately oblong, about three times as broad as long, then soon becoming triangular, about as long as broad, and in the outer part of the arm wedge shaped and longer than broad.
Syzygies occur between the third and fourth brachials, again between the ninth and tenth and fourteenth and fifteenth, and distally at intervals of three oblique muscular articulations.
P, small and slender, but somewhat stiffened, tapering evenly and rather rapidly, 3.5 mm. long with twelve segments, most of which are considerably elongated; P, similar, but somewhat smaller and more slender, 2.7 mm. long with eleven segments; P,; 6 mm. to 7 mm. long with eighteen to twenty segments, slender and flagellate; P, 4 mm. long with thirteen segments, shorter than those of P,; follow- ing pinnules slowly increasing in length, the distal pinnules being 6 mm. to 7 mm. long and exceedingly slender.
Locality —Mauritius; the type, which is No. 5349 (part) Berlin Museum, was collected by Professor Mébius.
Madagascar; a specimen in the Paris Museum was collected here by M. Grandidier in 1905.
Remarks.—This species is most nearly related to /. nana of the East Indies, but may at once be distinguished by its much stouter cirri, the component segments of which are much less constricted centrally, and by the larger P,, which-is considerably stiffened.
I had been aware of the occurrence of some species of this genus on Mauritius for some time before I was able to examine any speci-
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
mens, and in reviewing Mr. Chadwick’s paper upon the Red Sea crinoids I mentioned that the 7. nana group of species occurred there, for three years ago, while at Cambridge, I had been permitted to look over the letters sent by Capt. Nicholas Pike to Prof. Louis Agassiz while the former was United States consul at Mauritius. In one of these letters Captain Pike, in his usual charming style, describes a little crinoid which he found on the reef near Port Louis (about 1867), but which broke all up so that he could not preserve it. How- ever he made a color sketch of it, and this I was able to recognize as being of a species near J. nana.
IRIDOMETRA AGYPTICA, new species.
Antedon parvicirra CHADwIcK, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 31, 1908, p. 45. ? Tridometra parvicirra A. H. Ctarx, Amer. Naturalist, vol. 43, 1909, p. 255.
Description.—Cirri XXV, 14-16 (usually 15-16), 13 mm. long, comparatively stout; first segment short, second about as long as broad, fourth or fifth the longest, about two and one-half times the median diameter; following segments slowly decreasing in length so that the antepenultimate is about one third longer than broad. The longer proximal segments are constricted centrally, with enlarged distal ends; there are no dorsal spines or projections. The cirri are rather strongly constricted laterally. The opposing spine is prominent, terminal, and directed obliquely forward.
Ten arms, apparently about 40 mm. long, resembling those of I. nana.
P, short, evenly tapering, about 5 mm. long, with eight segments which become twice as long as broad distally; P, considerably larger and much longer, but evenly tapering and very slender dis- tally, 9.5 mm. long, with twelve segments which become much elongated outwardly; P, larger than P,, much the largest pinnule on the arm, 13 mm. long, becoming very slender distally, with eighteen to twenty segments, the distal much elongated, three times as long as broad; the ends of the segments are slightly swollen, but there are no spinous projecting borders; P,small and weak, 4.5 mm. to 5mm. long, the outer segments much elongated and with somewhat swollen ends; P, slightly longer; following pinnules similar, becoming more slender and increasing in length distally.
Localities.—Suez Bay; Gulf of Suez.
Depth.—10 fathoms (one record).
Remarks.—This new species is very readily distinguishable from Tridometra parvicirra by its very much larger cirri, though the pin- nulation is not very different. —
NO. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 43
Subfamily PHROMETRIN 4.
Genus PEROMETRA A. H. Clark.
PEROMETRA AFRA, new species.
Description.—Centrodorsal rounded-conical, the dorsal pole papil- lose, resembling closely the centrodorsal of P. diomedex of Japan.
Articular radial faces almost exactly as in P. diomedex; relation of radials to centrodorsal as in P. diomedez.
Cirri long and slender, resembling those of P. diomedex, 25 mm. to 30 mm. long, decreasing somewhat in length towaid the dorsal pole, with 44-52 segments.
Kleven to fourteen arms 50 mm. long; the proximal arm structure, the flattening of the rays, and the synarthrial tubercles are exactly as in P. diomedex, except that the synarthrial tubercles are not so long, being more like those of P. pusilla; the I1Br series are 2.
The lower pinnules are exceedingly slender, with greatly elongated segments; P, is the longest, followed by P,, P,, and P,; P; and the following pinnules are short.
The color is purple, the cirri lighter.
Locality —Providence Island, northeast of Madagascar; the type, which is in the British Museum, was collected by the Sea Lark expe- dition under Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner.
Depth.—125 fathoms.
Subfamily ZHNOMHETRIN 2%. Genus LEPTOMETRA A. H. Clark.
LEPTOMETRA CELTICA (Barrett and McAndrew).
Comatula woodwardit Barrett, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (2) vol. 19, 1857, p. 33, pl. 7, fig. 1 (not of Forbes, 1852).
Comaiula celtica BARRETT and McANprReEw, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), vol. 20, 1858, p. 44.
Antedon mediterraneus (part) WyviLtLtE THomson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 7, 1872, p. 765.
Antedon phalangium (not of Miller) P. H. Carpenter, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 4, 1881, p. 521 (part); Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 12,1884, p. 361 (part); Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 159 (part); Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 24, 1892, p. 67.
Leptometra celtica A. H. CLark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 21, 1908, p. 129.
Antedon (Leptometra) phalangium Ka@HueR and Vaney, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 32.
Localities.—Seine Bank (between Madeira and Morocco); near the Seine Bank (lat. 33° 47’ N., long., 14° 21’ W.); near the Gorringe Bank (west of the Straits of Gibraltar) (lat. 36° 30’ 30’’ N.; long. 11° B67) 15” Wand lat. 36° 317° N:: Jong. 11° 32’ W.); off Madeira; Funchal Bay, Madeira; south of Cape St. Vincent (lat. 36° 20’ N.;
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
long. 9° 01’ W.); south of the Canary Islands (lat. 26° 17’ N.; long. 17° 12’ W,).
This species occurs northward to the Faroe Islands.
Depth.—50-500 (?700) fathoms.
Remarks.—As Carpenter, in discussing the specimen from Funchal Bay, speaks of ‘‘the extreme shortness of the later cirrus joints,” which is the character by which Leptometra celtica is most readily separated from L. phalangium, it has seemed best to refer the records for the Atlantic coast of Africa and the outlying islands to the former species. The specimens from off Cadiz and from off the Portuguese coast, which I have recently examined, are undoubtedly this form.
Professor Koehler remarks that this species ranges westward across the Atlantic, as Carpenter received specimens from Brazil, from a cable picked up in between 915 and 1,280 meters; the specimens upon which this statement was based were found on the Brazilian cable, but at its Madeira end, near Funchal.
LEPTOMETRA PHALANGIUM (J. Miiller).
Alecto phalangium J. Miituer, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1841, Heft 1, p. 142.
Antedon mediterraneus (part) WyvittE THomson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 7, 1872, p. 765.
Antedon phalangium Marion, Ann. de sci. nat., sér. 6, vol. 8, 1879, p. 40, pl. 18.— P. H. Carpenter, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 4, 1881, p. 521 (part); Proc. Roy. Soe. Edinburgh, vol. 12, 1884, p. 361 (part); Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zoology, 1888, p. 159 (part).
Leptometra phalangium A. H. CuarK, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 21, 1908, p. 129.
Localities —Tunis; Bay of Benzert (Bizerta), Tunis; Skerki Bank, off Tunis. This species occurs also along the French and Italian coasts of the
Mediterranean. Depth.—30-120 fathoms.
Family PENTAMETROCRINID. Genus PENTAMETROCRINUS A. H. Clark.
PENTAMETROCRINUS ATLANTICUS (Perrier).
Eudiocrinus atlanticus Prrrter, Comptes rendus, vol. 96, 1883, p. 725.— Ka@uter, Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice, 1909, p. 271, pl. 32, figs. 15-18.
Pentametrocrinus atlanticus A. H. CLarx, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 21, 1908, p. 185.
Eudiocrinus (Pentametrocrinus) atlanticus Ka@Hurr and VaNey, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 81.
Localities —Azores; southeast of Terceira (lat. 38° 26’ N.; long. 26° 30’ 45’ W.); Canary Islands; southeast of Arreceife (lat. 29° 06’ 30’’ N.; long. 13° 02’.45’’ W.); between Madeira and Mogador (at..32°277 Ni lone 12> 157 W.).
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 45
This species ranges northward to the Gulf of Gascony, and I have examined a specimen, apparently of this form, from Martinique, French West Indies.
Depth.—578-1,165 meters.
Specimens are recorded from as deep as 1,674 meters.
II. STALKED CRINOIDS.
Family PENTACRINITID. Genus ENDOXOCRINUS A. H. Clark.
ENDOXOCRINUS WYVILLETHOMSONI (Wyville Thomson).
Pentacrinus wyville-thomsoni Jerrrtes, Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. 19, 1870, p. 157 (nomen nudum); Report Brit. Ass. for 1870, 1871, p. 119 (nomen nudum).— WyvitLe THomson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 7, 1872, p. 767.—P. H. CARPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 11, Zoology, 1884, p. 313, pl. 17, figs. 2-6; pl. 18; pl. 24; pl. 57, fig. 1.—FitHo1, La vie au fond des mers, 1885, pl. 2, opposite p. 10; pl. 5 (colored), opposite p. 160; p. 210; p. 212; fig. 66, I, p. 211.—Prrrier, Nouv. arch. du mus. d’hist. nat. (2), vol. 9, 1886, p. 145; Explorations sous-marines, 1886, p. 272.—P. H. CARPENTER, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 24, 1892, p. 64.—ALBERT, PRINCE DE Monaco, Comptes rendus, vol. 126, 1899, p. 313.—Ricuarp, Les campagnes scien- tifique de S. A. S. le Prince de Monaco, 1900, p. 78.—RicHarD, Bull. soc. zool. France, vol. 27, 1902, p. 84.—ALBERT, PRINCE DE Monaco, Comptes rendus, vol. 134, 1902, p. 963; vol. 140% 1905, p. 1373; Bull. mus. Monaco, 1905, No. 39, p. 1.—RicHarp, Bull. mus. Monaco, No. 41, 1905, p. 3.— Ke@uter, Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht, Princesse-Alice, 1909, p. 254, pl. 5, fig. 1 (colored).
Pentacrinus Parratr, Rapport sur la campagne scientifique du Talisman en 1883, 1884, p. 41.
Pentacrines Parratr, Rapport sur la campagne scientifique du Talisman en 1883, 1884, pp. 41, 47.—pE Fottn, Sous les mers, 1887, pp. 275, 276, 288.
Endoxocrinus wyvillethomsoni A. H. Ctark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 21, 1908, p. 152.
Pentacrinus (Endoxocrinus) wyville-thomsoni K@uuER and VANEy, Bull. du mus. @hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 31.
Localities.—Off the west coast of Morocco; off the coast of Morocco Gnees2e 40" N.= lone. 12°10’ B.; lat. 32° 31’ N.; Jong. 12° 08’ HW); off Cape Cantin, Morocco; Azores; Madeira, near Funchal and off Porto Santo Bay (lat. 32° 39’ 20’’ N.; long. 16° 40’ 55’’ W.); east of Hierro, Canaries (lat. 27° 41’ N.; long. 17° 53’ 45’” W.); off the southeast coast of Teneriffe, Canaries (lat. 28° 04’ N.; long. 16° 49’ 30’’ W.); Canary Islands; between the Canary and Cape Verde islands; south of the Canary Islands (lat. 25° 39’ N.; long. 18° 26’ W.); between Madeira and Mogador (lat. 32° 31’ N.; long. 12° 09’ W.).
This species is found as far north as Rochefort dat. 45°159% 307" N.).!
Depth.—1,330-1,917 meters.
1Bell has recorded it from Ferne Islands, off the coast of Northumberland. Probably he meant to say ‘‘Fayal,’”’ as it certainly does not occur anywhere in the British Channel. A similar error in his citation of the habitat of Antedon diibenii is ‘“‘ Bengal”’ instead of Brazil.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
The extreme depth known for the species is 1,095 fathoms, at which depth it was originally dredged by the Porcupine.
Family HYOCRINIDA.
Genus GEPHYROCRINUS Keehler and Bather. GEPHYROCRINUS GRIMALDII Keehler and Bather.
Hyocrinus ALBERT, PRincE DE Monaco, Comptes rendus, vol. 134, 1902, p. 963.—RicHarD, Bull. soc. zool. France, vol. 27, p. 84. Gephyrocrinus grimaldii, K@HueR and Batuer, Mém. soc. zool. France, vol. 15, 1902, p. 68.—ALBERT, PRINCE DE Monaco, Comptes rendus, vol. 142, 1906, p. 621.—Kq@u.ier, Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice, 1909, p. 256, pl. 1, fig. 12; pl. 32, figs. 1-9. Localities.—East of Hierro, Canaries (lat. 27° 41’ N.; long. 17° 53’ 45’’ W.); south of Funchal, Madeira (lat. 32° 32’ 30’’ N.; long. 17° 02’ We). Depth.—1,786-1,968 meters.
Family BOURGUETICRINIDA.
Genus BATHYCRINUS Wyville Thomson. BATHYCRINUS ALDRICHIANUS Wyville Thomson. e Bathycrinus aldrichianus Wyvitte THomson, The Atlantic, vol. 2, 1877, pp. 92-95 (86-87), fig. 23; Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), vol. 13 (1876), 1878, pp. 47-51, fig. 1.—A. H. Cuarx, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, 1907, pp. 553, 554. Bathycrinus campbellianus P. H. CARPENTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 11, Zool- ogy, 1884, p. 238, pl. 7a, figs. 22, 23; pl. 8; fig. 15, p. 239. Locality.—Lat. 1° 47’ N.; long. 24° 26’ W. Depth.—1,850 fathoms.
BATHYCRINUS GRACILIS Wyville Thomson.
Bathycrinus gracilis WYVILLE THOMSON, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 7, 1872,
p. 772.—\Kq@xHuer, Echinodermes provenent des campagnes du _ yacht Princesse-Alice, 1909, p. 254.
Locality.—Between the Azores and Gibraltar (lat. 38° 54’ 55’’ N.;
long. 21° 06’ 45’’—18’ 45’’ W.).
This species is otherwise only known from the Bay of Biscay.
Depth.—5,005 meters.
The previous record of depth is 2,435 fathoms.
BATHYCRINUS PERRIERI Kehler and Vaney.
Bathycrinus perriert K@HLER and VANEY, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, Os Ae tare MLE VAs 10)5 Ziff
Locality.— Off Cape Ghir, Morocco (lat. 30° 03’ N.; long. 14° 02’ E.). Depth.—2,212 meters.
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. AT
BATHYCRINUS RECUPERATUS (E. Perrier).
Tlyocrinus recuperatus E. Perrier, Rey. scient., vol. 35, 30 mai 1885, p. 691.— P. H. Carpenter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vol. 16, p. 108.
Hyocrinus recuperatus E. Perrier, Rev. scient., vol. 35, 30 mai, 1885, p. 691.— P. H. Carpenter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vol. 16, p. 108.
Ilycrinus recuperatus E. PERRIER, Explorations sous-marines, 1886, p. 273, fig. 193; p. 341, fig. 242, No. 4.
Bathycrinus recuperatus HAMANN, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier- Reichs, 1907, p. 1574.—Kq@uter and Vaney, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 28, fig. 3, p. 29.
Locality.—N ortheast of the Azores (lat. 44° 20’ N.; long. 19° 31’ W.) Depth.—4,255 meters.
Genus RHIZOCRINUS M. Sars. RHIZOCRINUS PARFAITI (Perrier).
Democrinus parfaiti PERRIER, Comptes rendus, vol. 96, 1883, No. 7, p. 450. Rhizocrinus parfaiti A. H. CtarK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 36, 1909, p. 676. Locality.—Off the coast of Morocco ‘‘par le travers du cap Blanc.” Depth.—1,900 meters. Remarks.—This is a perfectly good species, but Carpenter sub- jected it to such severe criticism in the Challenger report that it has been allowed to drop into oblivion.
RHIZOCRINUS CHUNI Doderleia.
Rhizocrinus sp. nov. DépERLEIN, in CHuN, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres, 1900, p. 487, fig., p. 488. Rhizocrinus chuni D6pERLEIN, Die gestielten Crinoiden der Siboga-Expedition, 1907, p..14, pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 6, fig. 6; fig. 6, p. 14. Locality Off Somaliland, East Africa. Depth.—1,644-1,668 meters.
UNIDENTIFIABLE SPECIES. ANTEDON IMPINNATA (P. H. Carpenter).
Antedon impinnata von Grarr, Challenger Reports, vol. 10, Zoology, 1884, pp. 15, 16, 18 (nomen nudum).—P. H. CarrEnTER, Challenger Reports, vol. 26, Zool- ogy, 1888, p. 206.
Remarks.—The very short description of this species reads: ‘The third, fourth, and fifth brachials have no pinnules; eight or ten cirri of twelve joints,” which would be now expressed: P,, P,, and P, absent; cirri VIII-X, 12. Carpenter further says that this ‘‘is a little species, which was obtained at Mauritius by Professor Mobius, who was kind enough to show it to me when I visited [iel.”’
The type is recorded as having been taken in North Bay, Mauri- tius, at a depth of 15 fathoms.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
COMATULES.
Comatules FErussac, Bull. des sci. nat. (2), vol. 26, 1831, p. 183. Ferussac records that M. Lamare-Picquot brought home numerous comatulids from his voyage to the East Indies and South Africa. COMATULA. Comatula von GRrarr, Challenger Reports, vol. 10, Zoology, 1884, p. 48; repeated in Braun, Centralbl. fiir Bakteriol. und Parasitenkunde, vol. 3, 1888, p. 186.
Professor von Graff records myzostomes from an undetermined comatulid taken at Fouquet Island, southeast of Mauritius, in 18 fathoms.
COMATULES. Comatules Parrait, Rapport sur la campagne scientifique du Talisman en 1883, 1884, pp. 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 55, and 57.
Captain Parfait records comatulids from the Talisman dredgings as follows: south of the Bay of Cadiz (lat. 36° 02’ N.; long. 9° 01’ E.), 126 meters (‘‘une pleine baille de comatules”); off Cape Spartel (lat. 35° 26’ N.; long. 9° 09’ E.), 717 meters; lat. 33° 47’ N.; long. 11° 23’ -E., 1,635 meters (‘‘comatules jaune soufre;’ probably Thalassometridz) ; lat. 32° 27’ N.; long. 12° 15’ E., 1,123 meters. lat. 30° 08’ N.; long. 14° 02’ E., 2,200 meters; lat. 30° 03’ N.; long. 14° 02’ E., 2,212 meters; lat. 29° 01 N.-; long. 14°51" he ieteo meters; lat. 28° 37’ N.; long. 15° 22’ H., 865 meters; lat. 28° 35’ N:; long. 15° 30’ E., 975 meters; lat. 28° 35’ N.; long. 15° 36’ E., 1,238 meters; lat. 26° 17’ N.; long. 17° 11’ E., 355 meters (mul titude de comatules’’); lat. 26° 16’ N.; long. 17° 11’ E., 250 meters; lat. 26° 13’ N.; long. 17° 10’ E., 175 meters; Jat) 26° 07 Noome 17° -08’ E., 130 meters; lat. 25°41" N.; longs 18°) 160 meters; lat. 21° 51’ N.; long. 19° 18’ E., 235 meters; lat. 19° 19’ N.; long. 20° 22’ E., 2,333 meters; lat. 19° 16’ N.; long. 20° 207 H., 2,320 meters; lat. 38° 38’ N.; long. 30° 41’ E., 1,257 meters; lat. 45° 59’ N.; long. 6° 29’ E., 1,480 meters.
COMATULES.
Comatules pE Fourn, Sous les mers, 1887, pp. 266, 277, 280, 281, 282, 283, 288, 297, 328, and 335.
Marquis de Folin records unidentified comatulids from the west coast of Morocco, off Cape Spartel, 717 meters; west coast of Morocco, 1,123 meters; west coast of Merocco, 2,200 meters; west coast of Morocco, 2,212 meters; Canary Islands, 1,180 meters, 865 meters, 1,238 meters, 345 meters, 130 meters, and 410 meters; off the coast of Senegal, 2,333-2,320 meters; among the Azores, 1,257-1,255 meters (and in the Gulf of Gascony, 1,480 meters).
Probably these specimens are in the Paris Museum.
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 49
COMATULES.
Comatules RicHarp, Les campagnes scientifique de 8. A. S. le Prince Albert I: de Monaco, 1900, p. 78.
Professor Richard says: ‘‘Enfin il est interessant de signaler la capture, dans une masse, d’une centaine de comatules, par 175 meters sur le banc de Gorringe.”’
PENTAMETROCRINUS (? species). Endiocrinus sp. nov. CHuNn, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres, 1900, p. 488.
Professor Chun records the discovery by the Valdivia of a sulphur yellow ‘“ Hudiocrinus”’ representing a new species (as determined by Professor Déderlein) in 1,289 meters off the coast of Somaliland.
BATHYCRINUS. Bathycrinus MinbNE-EpWarps, Comptes rendus, vol. 97, 1883, p. 1392.
One or more species of this genus are stated to have been dredged “nar le travers du cap Ghir et du cap Noun, a 120 milles environ de la céte,” at depths between 2,000 and 2,300 meters.
One of these is undoubtedly the Bathycrinus perrieri recently described by MM. Keehler and Vaney.
BATHYCRINUS. Bathycrinus Firnot, La nature, No. 572, 17 mai 1884, p. 391. This refers to the same specimens as does the preceding.
CRINOIDE.
Crinoide Parralr, Rapport sur la campagne scientifique du Talisman en 1883, 1884, p. 43.
Captain Parfait here records a small crinoid from lat. 30° 03’ N.; long. 14° 02’ E., in 2,212 meters, on gray mud and broken shell; it is undoubtedly the same as the preceding.
BATHYCRINUS. Bathycrinus Parrait, Rapport sur la campagne scientifique du Talisman en
1883, 1884, pp. 43, 57.
The remains of Bathycrinus are here recorded from lat. 29° 52’ N.; long. 14° 04’ E., in 2,075 meters, on gray mud and broken shell; and from lat. 44° 20’ N.; long. 19° 31’ E., in 4,255 meters, on soft white mud.
BATHYCRINUS. Bathycrinus E. Perrier, Rey. scient., vol. 35, 30 mai 1885, p. 691. MM. Keehler and Vaney believe that the individual here referred
to is the specimen described by them as Bathycrinus perriert. 80796°—Proc.N.M.vol.40—11——4
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
CRINOIDE. Crinoide DE Foun, Sous les mers, 1887, p. 281.
De Folin here records a small stalked crinoid from 2,212 meters off the west coast of Morocco.
BATHYCRINUS. Bathycrinus DE Fottn, Sous les mers, 1887, p. 282.
De Folin records a specimen dredged from 2,083 meters off the west coast of Morocco. UN PETIT CRINOIDE.
Un petit crinoide Richarp, Bull. soc. zool. France, vol. 27, 1902, p. 85.
Professor Richard records a small crinoid, probably a Bathycrinus, from 3,890 meters in the Cape Verde Islands.
RHIZOCRINUS LOFFOTENSIS Wyville Thomson. Rhizocrinus loffotensis WyvittE THomson, The Depths of the Sea, 1873, p. 450.
Sir Wyville Thomson records that the Swedish frigate Josephine obtained this species on the Josephine Bank. Undoubtedly the identification is incorrect.
RHIZOCRINUS (7? species). Rhizocrinus rawsoni (not of Pourtalés) P. H. Carrenter, Challenger Reports, vol. 11, Zoology, 1884, p. 262 (part), pl. 10, figs. 8-14.—Ka@uurr, Echino-
dermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice, p, 255.—K@HLER and VANEY, Bull. du mus. d’hist. nat., 1910, No. 1, p. 31.
Localities.—South of Terceira, Azores (lat. 38° 11’ N.; long. 27° 09’ W.); off the eastern end of Pico, Azores (lat. 38° 20’ N.; long. 28° 04’ 25’’ W.); ‘‘par le travers du cap Ghir [Ras Aferni] et du cap Noun [Morocco], & 120 milles environ de la céte;” ‘‘par le travers du cap Blanc’”’ (Morocco); near Cape Blanco (lat. 33° 09’ N.; long. 11° 58’ W.); northwest of Mogador (lat. 32° 38’ N.; long. 12° 09’ W.).
This group of species extends northward to west of the Scilly Islands and slightly west of south of the southwestern corner of Treland (lat. 50° 01’ N.; long. 12° 26’ W.).
Depth.—1,435-2,300 meters.
The extreme recorded depth is 1,207 fathoms.
Remarks.—A number of distinct species are included by Carpenter and by Keehler under the name Rhizocrinus rawsoni, none of which are the same as the West Indian form originally described under that name by Pourtalés,
No. 1808. RECENT AFRICAN CRINOIDS—CLARK. 5]
DEMOCRINUS.
Democrinus Parrair, Rapport sur la campagne scientifique du Talisman en 1883, 1884, pp. 41, 43, 47.
Captain Parfait records undetermined Rhizocrinus from the coast of Morocco as follows: lat. 32° 40’ N.; long. 12° 10’ E., 1,435 meters; lat. 29° 52’ N.; long. 14° 04’ E., 2,075 meters; lat. 25° 01’ N.; long. 19° 15’ E., 2,638 meters.
Probably the specimens mentioned are in the Paris Museum.
DEMOCRINUS.
Democrinus DE Fotrn, Sous les mers, 1887, pp. 282, 288.
M. de Folin records Rhizocrinus from African waters as follows: off the west coast of Morocco, 2,083 meters; off the Canary Islands, 2,636 meters.
Probably the specimens are in the Paris Museum.
APPENDIX.
While at the British Museum recently I was, thanks to the kind- ness of Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, able to examine some very interesting comatulids which had been collected by the cable repair ship lectra in the Red Sea, and to the northwest of Sokotra. These f find to be as follows:
Locality.—Red Sea, southeast of Messawa (lat. 15° 02’ 30’’ N.; long. 41° 13’ 30’’ E.); depth, 20 fathoms. ©
Oligometra serripinna var. electree A. H. Clark.
Locality.—N orthwest of Sokotra (lat. 14° 20’ N.; long. 52° 30’ E.); depth, 1,200 fathoms.
Thalassometra (new species). Thaumatometra (new species). Pachylometra (new species). Cyclometra flavescens A. H. Clark.
WAL aa Rd des
MAMMALS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT ON BORNEO AND SOME OF THE SMALL ADJACENT. ISLANDS.
By Marcus Warp Lyon, Jr.,
Assistant Curator, Division of Mammals, U.S. National Museum.
INTRODUCTION.
Before collecting on the mainland of Borneo, Dr. W. L. Abbott made two expeditions to adjacent islands, the mammalian fauna of which is closely allied to that of Borneo. One of these expeditions was to the Natuna islands, north of Borneo, and was made during the spring and summer of 1900; the other was to the Karimata Islands, off the west coast, during August and September, 1904. Lists of the mammals obtained on these expeditions were published by Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr., in 1901 and in 1906.1. More recently Doctor Abbott has visited the mainland of Borneo five times, on each occasion stopping at some of the adjacent islands. An account of the mammals collected on the first trip to the mainland, covering the Kapuas River region, was published by me in 1907.2 The present paper aims to give an account of the mammals obtained on the remaining four expeditions—two to southwestern Borneo and two to southeastern Borneo—as well as those collected in the near-by islands. For the sake of completeness, I have included in the present paper the species collected in the Kapuas River region, as well as those from Karimata Islands, the latter having been visited a second time. Four short papers* have appeared recently which
1 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 111-138, March 26, 1901. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, pp. 55-66, July 23, 1906.
2 proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, pp. 547-572, December 24, 1907.
3 Lyon, Description of a new squirrel of the Sciurus prevostii group from Pulo Temaju, west coast of Borneo. Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 48, pp. 275-276, February 4, 1907.
Lyon, Remarks on the Insectovores of the genus Gymnura. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 36, p. 449, May 27, 1909. Doctor Abbott’s Bornean specimens listed.
Elliot, On the genus Presbylis Esch., and Le Tarsier Buffon, with descriptions of two new species of Tarsius. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 28, pp. 151-154, May 27, 1910. Describes the tarsier from the Kapuas River region.
Elliot, Descriptions of some new species of monkeys of the genera Pithecus and Pygathriz collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott and presented to the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, pp. 343-352, August 6, 1910. Describes the common macaques from Karimata, the Kapuas River region, Bawean Island, and Pulo Mata Siri.
Proceepinas U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VoL. 40—No. 1809. 53
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 40.
deal in part with the mammals included in the present paper, but the collections as a whole are here published for the first time.
A list of the localities visited by Doctor Abbott is given below, together with his geographical and natural history field-notes. Many of these localities are not to be found on the ordinary maps, and reference should be made to the maps on pages 55 and 57.
LIST OF LOCALITIES, WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY FIELD-NOTES BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT.
West BoRNEAN MAINLAND, June 6-September 16, 1907.
Sukadana (or Sukudana).—At Sukudana a mass of hills 1,000 to 2,000 feet high rise right from the seashore. They are well forested, but there are many plantations of - durians and other fruit upon their slopes and many clearings in the neighborhood. The sea is very shallow near the coast; otherwise it would have been a good collecting ground for me,! as animal life is pence in the neighborhood. The inhabitants are all Malays except a few Chinese traders and small planters.
Sempang River.—The country along the Sempang River is low and swampy, very little above high water, as is also nearly all west Borneo near the coast. The lower part of the principal affluent, the Semandang, is also low and flat. The headwaters of both rivers are among the hills. The low country is for the most part heavy forest, with a strip of clearing along the river banks. The hilly country is inhabited by Dyaks and here there is comparatively little virgin forest remaining. The greater part of the surface is covered with secondary jungle. A few rhinoceroses are said to inhabit the upper Sempang about Batu Dayeu (or Dajeuh). A much larger cat than Felis nebulosa occurs, Galled by Malays and Dyaks ‘‘rimow.’’ It must be very rare, as very few people whom I met had ever seenit. The big red pig (Sus gargantua?) T heard of from both Dyaks and Malays, especially about the upper Sempang River, but not reported at all common.
Matan (or Matai) River—The Sungei Matan enters the Sempang at the rajah’s kampong (village) called Sempang. I camped about 12 miles up (44 hours) at a place called Matan. Formerly there was a large kampong there but it was abandoned twenty to thirty years since. Most of the neighborhood is large secondary jungle. The hill called Matan was close by. Animal life was very abundant, and orang-utans plentiful. There are no permanent villages now upon the Sungei Matan, except on the slopes of the hill called Sepunchok, about 24 hours above Sones where there are eight families.
Mount Palung.—Palung is 1,110 meters in height. I ascended Panti and remained one night; saw no mammals high up. Panti [not shown on map] is one of the hills of Palung. It is somewhere about 3,500 feet. Rhinoceroses are said to inhabit the lowlands about the base of Palung. No tapir or banting (Bos) in this part of Borneo,
SouTHwWEst BORNEAN MAINLAND, June 17-September 29, 1908.
Kendawangan River.—The country along the lower Kendawangan River, as else- where in west Borneo, is mostly swamp, just above high-water mark. Occasional higher patches and tracts occur which always remain dry and are called ‘‘pématong,”’ about what we call ‘‘islands” in swamps or ‘“‘hummocks” in Florida. There are no hills close to the lower river except at Mankol. At Lanchut, 30 miles from the mouth, there is quite a large tract of dry land extending back to Mount Kedio, 4 miles from the river. About Kalang Anyer, a Malay kampong of three houses, 70 miles from the mouth, the banks become higher, with but little swamp. A few miles higher up the hilly and rolling country is reached, the Dyak country, where most of the original jungle has been destroyed and now covered with secondary jungle, scrub, and “‘alang
1 Doctor Abbott travels about in a schooner, and the anchorage probably was poor.
No. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VIOCINITY—LYON. 55
alang” (long coarse grass). On the upper part of the largest tributary, the Mambuluh, there are many ‘‘danau, ” or lakes, which, however, dry up in time of drought. There are several hundred Malays living along the lower Kendawangan, Lobo Batil, 18 miles
pf Pulo Maja”
PANEBANGAN =r Ses
aS
PELAPIS
SERUTU
Maro X ¢Karangan Garok
Ahwattan
P.IRAS g
PULO BAUWAL Lh
Fic. 1.—Map OF SOUTHWESTERN BORNEO.
from the mouth, being the highest permanently inhabited place. The rattan and gutta gatherers wander all over the forests and the uninhabited belt lying between the Malay settlements and the Dyak country on the hilly ground, and they all carry guns
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 40.
with them. On the upper Kendawangan among the Dyaks there are about 200 Malays, mostly about Maro. Nearly every man, both Dyak and Malay, has a gun; so game is remarkably scarce. Luckily, powder is difficult to obtain. The Dutch have not interfered with the natives much as yet, and have not taken away their firearms, as they are gradually doing all over their colonies, much to the advantage of the animal life, for Dyaks devour everything they can kill. I myself saw very much less life than on the Sempang, and far less than in southeast Borneo, where the natives were all disarmed several years ago. The Dyaks kill far more with their ‘‘bétantik, ” or spear traps, than by shooting, except in the case of orang-utan. The Dyaks are extremely fond of the meat of these, and it is useless to look for orangs anywhere in the neighbor- hood of a Dyak settlement. I could hear nothing of Sus gargantua, and probably it does not occur in that part of Borneo, nor could I hear anything of the ‘‘rimau, ” or tiger, which was said to inhabit the Sempang district. A few rhinoceroses are said to inhabit the neighborhood of Mount Kedio and a few sapi utan (Bos sondaicus) on its west slopes on the headwaters of the little river Tingar. This is the only place on or near the west coast of Borneo where wild cattle occur. The Malays told me they also existed in some places on the upper Pasaguan River—that is the next large river north of the Kendawangan. The country about Mount Kedio is uninhabited, and there is said to be much animal life there. Fifty or sixty years ago the district was inhabited by Dyaks, but these, becoming involved in war with the Malay rajah, left their homes and fled into the interior. All over this corner of Borneo occur shghtly elevated sandy tracts covered with small trees (or smaller trees than the surrounding forest); these are locally called ‘‘padang,’’ which is Malay for meadow. Much of this land and a good deal of the drier forest was burned over six or seven years ago, during a period of excessive drought. No rain fell for four or five months, a most unusual occurrence in any part of Borneo, where ordinarily rain falls every month in the year, and there is no proper dry season. The following animals, in addition to some already mentioned, were well known to the natives, but none was obtained during this trip: Mydaus, called bébot by Malay and kalinsida by Dyaks; Reithrosciurus; Felis nebulosa, rimau dahan; Felis marmorata?, a wild cat with a large tail, was caught by a Malay in a snare, but for some reason was not brought to me; Paradoxurus philippinensis; Gymnura, local name dngkis.
Batu Jurong.—Batu Jurong is the southerly point of a range of hills which stretch north-northeast to Mankol on the Kendawangan River. I anchored in a small strait between Pulo Irasand the mainland. Two or three Malay families lived here and had their clearings. Pigs were plentiful; kijang (muntjacs) and rusa were also common, but the Malays were continually after them with their dogs. South of this there are no inhabitants in the southwest corner of Borneo, and until recently none on the south coast west of the Sungei Jelai. Lately, however, about a dozen families of Malays have made clearings on the lower course of the Sungei Ayer Hitam Besar. Animals were said to be plentiful, especially rusa, about Tanjong Kepala, where there is said to be large tracts of short grass. I saw two orangs and the sarongs (nests) of many more about 2 miles east of Batu Jurong, where I shot one female.
Mankol.—Mankol lies along the Kendawangan River for about 2 miles. There are about 25 or more houses altogether. At this point the north end of the range of hills (400 to 800 feet high) approaches the river. Animals were scarce, as most of the people had guns, and the jungle in the hills and along the base was full of old jerats and pagars (traps and snares). A few orangs were said to 6ccur, but I saw no traces.
Lanchut.—Lanchut is now without inhabitants. It was formerly the most impor- tant village on the river and the residence of the rajah. The ground along the river is quite high and dry and covered with secondary jungle and long grass for some dis- tance back from the river. Four or five miles due east rises Mount Kedio, in an uninhabited district covered with heavy forest.
no. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON, oO
Kiumpane Bay, SOUTHEASTERN Borneo, January 8—March 13, 1908, and April
18-19, 1909, Tanjong Batu lies at the north entrance of Klumpang Bay. The hill is 3 or 4
miles long and 1,200 feet at its highest point.. It is covered with heavy forest,
® a ]Royal Butch Oil Co. Hagrs, > , 2 7% < vs) S = Ye Si Nes 4 9 ale Lowatsi Ks ~~) = 8. Koman & 8. Telakai. S 3 ADANG BAY SS 2. e. Lf Pasir River Pasir Kampong > 2 S s. > s 202, g °5 gs. Menugul a 4, pated My. is 8.,8amP" 3 “In gh, 6 bon wang % A Tomellung Ge Bhan j My G4 erg, Cy > Log S 4p Tanjong Kramet\S, Tanjong Batu MPANG BAY oP Nangka / 5 (9) BANDJARMASIN Pulo Sebuku
QW, apy, rina S/N
Pleihart/i/ |
0 Bira Birahan
oO P. Kadapangan 950 ft. °o Za Pulo Mata Sirt 1400 ft.
ef) P Kalambau } 1120 ft.
LAUROT OR LAUT KICHEL ISLANDS © arends Island (or Keramian)
Fig. 2.—MApP OF SOUTHEASTERN BORNEO.
except at the south end, where there are some pepper gardens and a good many old clearings covered with scrub and coarse grass. The timber is very good, containing much bilian (iron wood). A range of lower hills extends north of this to Bukit Batu near the Sampanahan River and Pamukang Bay. This range of hills is evidently an
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
ancient island, joined to the mainland by the elevation of the land and also by silting up a wide tract of mangrove swamp lying in the intervening space. As one ascends the river, a few miles from the bay, evidences of elevation become everywhere visible in the masses of limestone coral projecting from the swampy surface. In many cases the flat surface of the ancient reef is but a few inches below the mud or actually on the surface. A little farther an irregular line of limestone hills, mostly with precipitous and waterworn sides, runs in a general direction parallel with the coast. The uncleared land is all heavy forest. Many old clearings and some new exist in the neighborhood of the rivers. The population of the coast is made up of Bugis, Banjer, and other Mohammedan Malay tribes. Inland is a large Dyak (pagan) population. The Dutch annexed this district in 1905.
Pangkallahan (or Bangkallaan) River.—Kampong Pangkallahan is about 7 miles up the river of the same name and is the residence of the mankoh, or head of the Dyaks of the district. The country is covered with splendid forest, with only a few clear- ings. There are ranges and scattered hills of precipitous limestone rock. Animals seemed scarce, as usual in Dyak districts, everything hunted off or driven away by” the Dyaks and their dogs. They have very few guns and no powder. About a half mile above the village is the lower entrance to the Temmelung or tunnel of the Pang- kallahan. This tunnel cave, through which the river flows, swarms with bats as well as with edible birds’-nest swifts, hundreds of thousands of their nests being collected annually. I could not devise any way of catching the bats, as I had no net and had not brought a gun for fear of a capsize, there being a dangerous rapid near the lower end of the tunnel. The Temmelung must be about 2 miles long, judging by the time we took passing through it. It is through limestone rock. I do not think the roof was anywhere very thick, at some places only 2 or 3 yards. That part of the country is full of Lhmestone hills and rocks all honeycombed with caves and passages. But bats did not seem to be present in the hundreds of holes I visited, except an occasional individual which I could not secure. Judging from the noise, for the light from the torches did little but accentuate the gloom, there must be hundreds of thousands in the Temmelung. Another tunnel occurs farther up the same river, but I did not visit it, as it was said to be very difficult of passage except by a very small canoe.
Saratok River.—The Saratok is a small river flowing into Klumpang Bay. Two Dyak houses stood in a small new clearing. Back of this and extending eastward for nearly 2 miles was a large tract of alang alang (tall, coarse grass) covering several hun- dred acres. Ther: appeared to be a good many rusa here, but the grass, 4 to 5 feet high, made it very difficult to shoot anything. When the grass is burned off in the dry | season the place is said to be frequented by a herd of sapi utan (Bos sondaicus). There | were no tracks of these at the time of my visit. Most of my collecting was done near some limestone hills and rocks about a mile westward in the midst of splendid forest. Only the red Presbytis was seen here; near the coast only the black one existed.
Besides the animals shot in Klumpang Bay I saw the long-tailed and the pig-tailed | macaques and Presbytis cristata.
PAMUKANG OR TJENGAL Bay, March 17—April 7, 1908, and March 23-April 13, 1909.
Musangs were generally scarce except the tangalunga, which was common. I | let most of those go which I caught in traps. The Mydaus was well known, but no— specimens were obtained. Gymnura must be very common, as one often smelt them | in the jungle, although none were obtained. The pig-tailed macaque was twice met with in droves, but none were secured. I met with Reithrosciurus twice on Bukit Batu. It was running on the ground in heavy forest. Its movements were so quick T could not shoot it. Its big bushy tail, carried high over its back, made the animal very conspicuous. I was much surprised to find that it is a ground squirrel. The headman of the Bajaus at Sungei Manungul, Pamukang Bay, said there used to be some rhinos in that locality, but he had seen no traces for years.
Pasir River, December 31, 1908-January 22, 1909.
no. 1809. MAMMALS FROW BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON. 59
Baik Papan Bay, February 1-February 24, 1909. Balik Papan Bay extends nearly 18 miles in a northerly direction. Several rivers empty into it. The eastern shore is high and hilly for the most part, the western low and covered with mangroves. There were very few inhabitants when the Royal Dutch Oil Company first estab- lished its headquarters here about fifteen years ago. Now there is a large settlement, wharves, oil refineries, paraffin works, etc., and about 6,000 inhabitants, situated on the eastern entrance to the bay. It is an excellent harbor. The shores of the bay are still mostly heavy forest. The line of the bay probably coincides with that of a fault. The hills are mostly red laterite, but a line of limestone stretches southwest- ward not far from the head of the bay. Animal life is fairly plentiful. Banting (Bos sondaicus) were said to occur especially around the head of the bay.
Puto Lamuxoran, May 7-10, 1907. Pulo Lamukotan is the largest of the Burong Islands, and hes about 10 miles off the mainland of Borneo. It is about 4 miles long by 1 mile wide. It consists of a long ridge with a low rock near the middle of the island. The highest point is near the southern end and is nearly 1,000 feet in height. Most of the surface is now cleared and the lower parts entirely planted with coconuts, which are very fine and healthy. The only heavy forest remaining covers the highest summit and the crest of the ridge on the southern part of the island, and a smaller piece on the summit of the northern ridge. The soil seems fertile and the surface is not very rocky, except upon the shore. The forest trees are very large in the remain- ing jungle. The other islands in the group, four in number, are smaller and have been entirely cleared and planted with coconuts. The inhabitants are Malays from Sambas. A Sciwras vittatus, a Macacus cynomolgus, a large pig, and three or more rats constitute the mammalian fauna. Pigs are not now very numerous, having been largely hunted off by Chinese from the mainland, who employ dogs. Pigs were formerly very abundant upon the other islands of the group (Penata and Kebun), but have been entirely exterminated upon these since the clearing of the jungle. Rats seemed pretty common. My traps were set in the jungle on the ridge near the highest peak. Fruit pigeons and Nicobar pigeons were fairly common.
Puto Tremasu, May 5-6, 1907. (First visited by Doctor Abbott in 1905.) Pulo Temaju is now mostly cleared and planted with coconut. The only heavy forest remaining covers the summit and upper slopes of the highest peak. There are no mammals except Sciurus proserpine and rats. The coconut trees are not very pro- ductive and seem much diseased.
Puto Datu, May 2-4, 1907. Pulo Datu les 21 miles from the coast of Borneo. It is about 14 miles long by three-fourths mile wide. It is very hilly (mountainous) and rocky, and rises to about 1,000 feet. It is covered with heavy forest, except at some places on the east side, where some clearings have been made and a few coconuts planted. The clearings are now overgrown with large secondary jungle, as the rats swarm to such an extent it is impossible to grow anything. Squirrels (Sciurus vittatus group) were plentiful. No monkeys. I put out about forty rat traps one night. Nearly every one was sprung in the morning, but many of the rats had been devoured by land or hermit crabs. White fruit pigeons and Nicobar pigeons were common. There are no sand beaches, but plenty of fresh water flows out beneath the rocks, on the east side at any rate, between high and low water marks. Mus “rattus”’ appeared to be more abundant then M. ‘‘lingensis,’’? but the hermit crabs showed marked preference for the latter and spoiled most of those caught.
Puto PANEBANGAN, May 16-26, June 2-3, and September 20-21, 1907. Pulo Panebangan lies 8 miles from Pulo Maja, which is practically the mainland of Borneo. It is about 4 miles long by 2 to 3 wide, containing about 6,000 to 7,000 acres, It is very hilly, scarcely any level ground. The highest point is said to be 1,700 feet. It is uninhabited and covered with dense jungle. Rattans (of an almost valueless variety) abound, and the jungle is so matted up with rattans and their flagella as to be impenetrable. In some places the jungle seems to have been cleared at some
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
previous period, as at the head of the small bay on the north side. Macacus cynomolgus was the only monkey seen. There is no lotong (Presbytis). The ratufa is probably fairly common, as I frequently heard it. I only actually saw the three which were shot. I thought I saw and heard Nannosciurus on one occasion, but am not certain. There is no napu or large tragulus. No deer occurs; no otter tracks seen; and the tangalunga trapped was the only musang seen. The small Hipposideros was very common, flying about in the daytime; the larger one was less common. ‘There were several other species of bats flying about in the forest in daylight, but I failed to secure any. No Rhinolophus were seen. Another musang is said to occur and also a red flying squirrel. Pigs were plentiful. All those noticed upon the beach seemed to be males. We did not once see a small one out of two or three dozen individuals. Possibly the old males appropriate the beaches and reefs, which are the best feeding grounds, and drive away intruders. The pigs were all very lean and gaunt. Up to the present there are no inhabitants, although there are many durians, mangos, and chempadak. We heard that some Karimata people propose to come in July, 1907, and form plantations.
Puro Pexaris, May 29-June 1, 1907. Pelapis, a group of four islands, lies 34 miles southwest of Panebangan and 17 miles from Karimata. The islands are all hilly and rocky and covered with forest. The highest point is about 1,200 feet. The total area is about 5,000 acres. South Island (also called Pelapis Tengah) is the largest and is nearly 2? miles long. AJ] collecting was done upon this island. Some years ago some Malays and Karimata people settled upon South Island and farmed some plantations of coconuts, etc., but three years ago an epidemic broke out, many died and the rest of the settlers fled, and to-day scarce a trace of human occupancy can be seen. Besides the animals obtained, the flying lemur and the common long-tailed macaque occur. No tragulus, no musangs, or no ratufas occur. The pigs come out upon the sand beaches and reefs at low tide, and can be shot without much difficulty. Bats were flying about in the forest on Pelapis, but not nearly so many as upon Panebangan. None were obtained.
Karimara Istanps, Telok Edar, Karimata Island, October 4-7, 1908. (First visited by Dr. W. L. Abbott in 19085. ) 4
Puro Juanta, September 10-11, 1907. Pulo Juanta is a small island, 63 miles ‘from the mainland, about 1 kilometer long by 4 wide. It is about 300 feet high. The greater part is covered with heavy forest, but a clearing was made about four years ago and an attempt made to plant coconuts, but nothing could be grown owing to the rats and-pigs. About thirty pigs were killed, but many remained. There are still a few on the island, but I could neither shoot nor trap them. There are no squir- rels on the island.
Puto Bauwat, June 12-16, 1908. Pulo Bauwal (or Rendezvous Island) lies near the southwest corner of Borneo. It is about 15 miles from Tanjong Sambar, which is the extreme southwest point. Bauwal is about 6 geographic miles long by 5 in extreme width and contains about 12,000 acres. The strait separating it from the mainland is from 4 to 6 miles wide and 4 to 12 fathoms deep. The island is sur- rounded by wide coral reefs and hard rocks. The island is composed of hard red rock (iron ore?) and is rather low. There are two or three hills, rising to about 300 feet to the tops of the trees. The surface is rolling and covered with forest. There is some mangrove swamp. A house, inhabited by Pontianak Malays, is on the east coast, and five houses inhabited by Orang Laut from Karimata were established near the northwest corner about three years ago. The fauna is rather peculiar in that there are no squirrels, traguli, rusa, or pigs. Muntjacs and tangalungas are common.
SotomsBo (not shown on map), December 4-6, 1907. The island of Solombo, or Masolombo Besar, is about 4 miles long by about 2 wide. The surface is mostly rather low and rolling, and there is one hill about 250 feet high. The rock seems to be nearly all volcanic, except, of course, the coral around the shore. The island is surrounded
no. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON. 61
by acoral reef. It lies midway between Madura and Borneo, 84 miles to each. There is quite a large population, 300 to 400 of Bugis and Madurese. The island has been settled about forty years. Most of the heavy forest has been cleared, except about the hill. The soil, dark red, with many stones and rocks of lava upon the surface, is very fertile, and produces large crops of paddy and maize. The only mammals I saw were flying foxes, which were quite common. Rats were said to be plentiful. There are no monkeys or squirrels. There are said to be many sapi or feral cattle (Bos sondaicus), . and the natives were very anxious for me to go and shoot some, but I did not have time to doso. They are said to have been running wild a long time. Birds are very plentiful. The anxiety as to the safety of my schooner prevented me from doing as much as I would have liked, besides cutting short my stay, for the wind went around to the northwest and we had to get out on short notice. I should like to have putin several more days and visited Pulo Solombo Kitchil. There are no people upon the latter and it is still uncleared forest. Birds are said to be very plentiful there.
BaweEAan Istanp, November 24-27, 1907. (Not shown on map.) Bawean Island lies about 60 miles north of the Straits of Madura. It is about 11 miles long by 10 wide, the area being about 100 square miles. The surface is mountainous, several of the hills rising from 2,000 to 2,200 feet. The island is volcanic, the rocks being mostly lava and basalt, with some limestone. There are extensive coral reefs around the coast. Many volcanic cones are scattered about and there are several hot springs. A beautiful lake of about 15 acres called the Telaga occupies the extinct crater of the mountain of the same name. The island is densely inhabited around the coasts, the population being about 50,000. Most of the men go to Java, the Straits, and Sumatra is search of work. Nearly all the saises in Singapore and Penang are Beyanese. One sees but few males between the ages of 18 and 40 in Bawean. The “women weave the mats of pandanus, for which the island is famous, and which are exported all over the archipelago. Animal life is not plentiful. Remarkably few birds are to be seen. As for mammals, pigsare very common. The only ones obtained, however, were young—too small to be of any use as specimens. The rusa (Cervus kuhli)*is not numerous, and is only found in a few localities. The only specimens obtained were three pairs of horns from the kampong of Tombak on the north side of the island. It is more numerous on the hills behind Tombak than at any other place. There is also a porcupine, possibly two species, a musang, a Manis, and what appears to be an otter, but they do not seem to be common, and none were obtained. Pteropus was very common, but no other bats were seen. The cattle are the tame variety of Bos sondaicus, which has been introduced from Bali. They are not used for milk, but are employed to some extent for draft and plowing. A few buffaloes are also kept. There is but little virgin forest left upon Bawean. The largest piece lies upon the northern slopes of the central mountain mass, especially Gunong Besar and the Telaga. There is also a tract upon the west coast which I did not visit, however, and there are some small patches on the eastern and southern slopes of the mountains. The rest of the island is toa great extent covered with small scrub and giant bamboos. Mangos and jack fruit escaped from cultivation form much of the jungle. The scrub is everywhere traversed by the trails formed by the numerous cattle.
ARENDS (or KERAMIAN) IstAND, November 24, 1908. (See map, p. 57.)
Puto Mata Siri, December 7-11, 1907, and November 25-December 1, 1908. Mata Siri is the largest of the Laurot or Laut Kitchil Islands. It is 74 miles long by 14 broad, is 1,400 feet high. There is scarcely any level ground, the whole island being hilly, consisting of a long ridge dividing into two peninsulas at its northeast end, inclosing the bay of Telok Sungei. Itisa good, safe harbor, and we lay there in security, although the westerly monsoon was blowing strong at the time. The other two islands of the group, Kalambau and Kadapangan, are each about one-half the size of Mata Siri, and each consists of one long ridge. The islands are of granite
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
formation, with but little coral reef around them. Rats of one species were very plentiful; a very pale Sciwrus vittatus was common, so was the ordinary long-tailed macaque. Ishotone Pteropusanda pair of Cynopterus, also another bat ( Megaderma?), but it was lost in the jungle. A muntjac (or kijang) is common, but I only had a glimpse of one. As the island is covered with dense unbroken jungle it is almost impossible to shoot them. The animal only occurs on Mata Siri. It is possible it may have been introduced by man. We heard them barking daily, and they must be very numerous. None of the group is permanently inhabited, but Malays visit the islands from Pulo Laut and Pasir to collect turtles’ eggs and birds’ nests. Evi- dently there have been some clearings and cultivations in the past, as there is sec- ondary jungle in some places which is now almost indistinguishable from the original forest. My crew saw a dugong in the bay.
Puto Laut, December 16-29, 1907. Pulo Laut is a large island lying at the southeast corner of Borneo. The strait separating it is about 30 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles wide. The depth is 4 to 10 fathoms. The island 1s 55 geographic miles long by 20 wide. The north end is very hilly, the highest points being about 2,300 feet. Most of the rest of the surface iscomparatively flat, with isolated hills. There is a large population of Bugis and Banjer people. The higher hills are still mostly covered with heavy forest, but much of the lower land has been cleared for paddy and pepper cultivation. ‘This last is the staple production of the island. Some coal is mined in the hills at the north end. Kota Baru, near the northern entrance to the strait, is the seat of the Dutch Kontroleur of the district, and is quite a busy little place. The mammals of Pulo Laut are as follows: Rusa and Sus barbatus, both com= mon; some very big pig (Sus gargantua?) said to occur; there is said to be a large red flying squirrel; napus were common, and a smaller kanchil was said to be less com mon, but I did not see it; Bos sondaicus may be truly wild (not feral) on Pulo Laut, as it is common on the opposite mainland; it is said to be numerous on Pulo Bira Birahan on the south coast of Pulo Laut; it is only one mile long and must have been introduced there. Gibbons, Nasalis larvatus, pig-tailed macaques, and Mydaus do not occur on Pulo Laut. .
Puto Sesuxu, December 31, 1907-January 5, 1908. Pulo Sebuku lies east of Pulo Laut, from which it is separated by a shallow strait only a mile wide in some places. The strait about the middle has only about a foot of water at low tide. Sebuku is 174 geographic miles long by about 5 wide. The highest point is only about 400 feet and the whole island is low but not swampy. The surface is mostly rolling. The inhabitants are mostly Bugis and Banjer people. It is thinly inhabited and the surface is still covered with heavy forest. The soil is red. Some black pepper is grown, and billian wood is cut. The Bugis build small praus here. As the strait separating Sebuku from Laut is so shallow, particularly at the northern end, I had to anchor the schooner near the northern end of the island, between the northwest point and the small coconut-covered island of Manti. Here we lay a mile offshore, just afloat at low tide. Rats were very plentiful in the jungle, Sciurus ‘‘vittatus” com- mon; so was the ratufa, which seems much the same as that of Pulo Laut, but is a little smaller. The ordinary long-tailed macaque is the only monkey. A small napu | is very common, although I secured but one pair. Pigs and rusa occur, and musangs | are said to occur, although I did not meet with them. No tupaias were noticed.
No. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON. 63
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES, WITH CRITICAL ANNOTATIONS AND LISTS OF SPECIMENS.
MANIS JAVANICA Desmarest.
1907. Manis javanica, Lyon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 548, December 24, 1907.
Two specimens from Pontianak, collected in 1905.
BOS SONDAICUS Schlegel and Miiller.
1839-1844. Bos sondaicus SCHLEGEL AND Miiuer, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Bezitt., p. 197, pls. 35-39.
Two specimens, skins and skulls, from Pamukang Bay—an adult female, Cat. No. 1543885, collected in 1909, and a female calf, Cat. No. 151865, collected in 1908. The general body color of the adult lies between Ridgway’s hazel and chestnut; a conspicuous narrow black stripe extends down the back from behind the shoulders to base of tail; from the base of the neck to the beginning of the black stripe there is an inconspicuous reddish stripe due to a general brightening of the general body color; the general color effect of the head and neck is something between russet and wood brown; the underparts are almost blackish; the ‘‘stockings,’’ buttock patch, inside of ears, and the chin vary from dirty white to cream-buff; the tail is long-haired, the upper two-thirds being of the body color, the terminal third blackish. The calf is similarly colored to the adult, but much duller, so that the general effect is much like russet. The colored illustra- tions of Bos sondaicus by Schlegel and Miller are good representations of the present specimens except that the adult female in the plate is rather dull.
Measurements of the adult female: Head and body, 2,060 mm.; tail, 670; hind foot, 560; height at shoulder, 1,280; at rump, 1,310; weight of cut-up carcass without entrails, 386 pounds (175 kilos); estimated live weight, 500 pounds (227 kilos); basal length of skull, 405mm.; condylo-basal length, 434; zygomatic width, 175; maxillary toothrow, 128; mandibular tooth row, 135.
This was quite common about Pamukang Bay, and I wasted much time in trying to get a specimen. Twice I was close to herds containing good bulls, but all my heavy rifle cartridges had gone bad. The cartridges had been five years on the Terrapin [Doctor Abbott’s schooner] and the caps would not explode. To what extent these cattle are indigenous and to what extent, if any, feral, it is impossible to say. They are also found wild upon Pulo Laut, and even it is said on the small island of Bira Birahan, near the south end of Laut. They could not have been indigenous on that little island, only a mile long. At the present day very few cattle are kept by the natives. But the praus from Madura and Bali bring up many Bali cattle for beef every year. These and the wild ones look just alike,—W. L. A,
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40.
TRAGULUS NAPU BORNEANUS (Miller).
1902. Tragulus borneanus MILLER, Proc. Biol.. Soc. Wash., vol. 15, p. 174, August 6, 1902.
1907. Tragulus borneanus, Lyon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 550, Decem- ber 24, 1907.
Doctor Abbott has collected thirty specimens of Tragulus of the napu group in Borneo and on the large Pulo Laut. A careful com- parison of these with a large number of specimens from various localities in Sumatra, the type-locality of napu, shows that the Sumatran and Bornean napus are almost identical in point of size, color, and cranial characters. The Bornean animal averages a very little smaller in most external and cranial measurements. (See table of measurements, p. 66.) At the same time the throat markings are slightly darker and the collar slightly wider than they are in typical napu. These differences, however, are very slight and not at all constant, and it is only possible to identify with certainty a little over half the specimens in each series. The specimens from Pulo Laut average slightly smaller in their cranial measurements than do those from Borneo proper, but not enough to justify their recognition as a distinct race. Externally there are no differences. Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr.,! has lately intimated that the Bornean napu would prove to be very closely related to if not identical with the Sumatran one. The following localities are represented in Doctor Abbott’s series: Kapuas River, 3; Sempang River, 2; Matan River, 4; Kendawangan River, 3; Saratok River, 1; Pamukang Bay, 4; Pulo Laut, 13.
(For measurements of the adults of this series, together with those of the original series of Tragulus borneanus and of Sumatran napus, see table, p. 66.)
TRAGULUS SEBUCUS, new species.
Type.—Skin and skull of adult male; Cat. No. 151810, U.S.N.M.; collected on Pulo Subuku, off southeastern Borneo, January 4, 1908, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original number, 5736.
Diagnostic characters —A small member of the napu group, similar in size and color to Tragulus pretiellus Miller? of Pulo Bakong, Rhio- Linga Archipelago, but blacker above and with posterior pair of dark throat markings almost clear blackish instead of mixed blackish and ochraceous.
Color.—Upper parts of body, a mixture of black and ochraceous, the former in excess; sides of body similar, but the ochraceous light- ening to ochraceous buff, or buff; under parts of body white, but much suffused in the middle line with pale ochraceous buff, this latter color also forming a fairly well defined line between the color of the sides and
1The Mouse Deer of the Rhio-Linga Archipelago: A Study of Specific Differentiation under Uni- form Environment. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 4, September 1, 1909. 2Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 253, September 11, 1906,
No. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON. 65
that of the under parts; top and sides of head and neck a rather pale or dull tawny ochraceous mixed with some black. A blackish line ex- tends from inner canthus of eye to nose, and on either side of this the tawny ochraceous is rather clear, over a narrow triangular area on top of head it is considerably mixed with black. The usual black nape stripe is barely indicated. Throat pattern composed of four Vs. The first or most anterior V white and bordering the interramial glandular area, except near the middle of the area where there is a small ochraceous spot; second V ochraceous, lined by a few blackish hairs; third V white; fourth V black, except at the point which is prolonged into an ochraceous, slightly mixed with blackish, line about 25 mm. long and passes through the point of the third V to blend with the point of the second V. The sides of the black V are broad and conspicuous. The collar is a mixture of blackish and ochraceous in nearly equal proportions. A narrow line, 2 to 5 mm. wide, mixed blackish and ochraceous in varying proportions, extends from the collar across the white of the chest and into the ochraceous suffusion of the under parts. Outer side of legs mixed tawny ochraceous and blackish, inner side with a narrow white line, bordered on either side by almost clear ochraceous or tawny ochraceous; tail above like back, beneath and at tip white.
Skull and teeth.—Aside from their smaller size for a member of the napu group, these show no noteworthy characters.
Measurements.—External measurements of the type and of a paratype, a female with the last permanent molars not yet cut; Cat. No. 151809. Head and body, 485, 490 mm.; tail, 70, 75; hind foot, including hoofs, 123,125; weight, 2.3, 2.7 kilos. Cranial measure- ments: Greatest length, 102.7, 95.7 mm.; upper length, 94, 88.2; condylo-basal length, 94.4, 90; greatest length of nasals, 28.6, 27.9; zygomatic breadth, 46.1, 43.5; breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata, 33.8, 32.8; mandible, back of condyle to front of symphy- sis, 79.7, 74.5; maxillary toothrow, alveoli, 34.6, ——*; mandibular toothrow, alveoli, 38.8, a
Specimens examined.—Two, both from Pulo Sebuku.
Remarks.—Aside from Tragulus pretiellus, the only species with which TJ. sebucus needs comparison is T. nigricans Thomas.? The latter, however, is a larger animal, “apparently about the size of T. napu,”’ has a more distinct nape stripe, and the throat pattern considerably different. The posterior dark V is black in color to and including the apex of the V, and the apex is not prolonged into a pro- nounced line different in color from the rest of the V.
1 Last molars not through alveoli. 2 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 9, p. 254, March, 1892.
80796°—Proc.N.M.vol.40—11——5
66
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
in nnn EEESnEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDI
Measurements of adult napus.
oo =) AS 4 E 5 a S 8 Cata- He ot 2 os Name. Locality. logue Sex. & os Q ig No. ro aa ES a n eyo es ae q SS a | Ig bh | He ar SBE o | 8 mle |i Bale mm.|mm.|mm.| kilos.| mm. T. napu napu....-- Sumatra, Tapanuli | 114434 | Male....| 550 | 70 | 146} 4.0] 107.6 Bay. WOLFE ees saan Sumatra, Siak region..| 144132 |...do....-. 554 83 | 152 | 4.1 | 103.9 DOS ets soon eee (6 Koa OS AS nie on 144133 |. ..do..... 590 | 100 | 156} 4.2} 108.5 1 DC ee Gare otc lene ae GO%e So aieecee eas 144136 | Female -| 550 | 90] 154] 4.1 | 104.4 IDO Sato e eee er cee QOveescctace ees 144139 |...do..... 550 | 100 | 150} 4.2 | 103.8 WMO sie oes Sumatra, Aru Bay....| 143481 | Male 588 | 92] 147] 4.0] 111.9 1D YORE aS Sees eee GOs seesee steels 143483 |...do....- 565 90 | 146 3.6) | LOT ti T. napu borneanus - Bomee; Suanalamba | 442299 |...d0.....].....]-.--- B46 gle cee 101.8 iver. Doss cers os Borneo, Kinabatan- | 34905 | Female .j_....]....-|.....]...-.- 107.8 gan River. PAD ORS Asn cece cen COMA t eS sees $2884). 300. - 252] soso STAD | soe -e 103.8 IDOlteeos mest oe Borneo, Sapagaya | 42243 |...do....-].....|...-- 5136 |------ 103.7 River. 1D Yeas See eee |e ese Oe eeeonns Matas bY 2 es | Benes Pe aee! Beare BISON |e seen 107.6 1D SES ee ee ea eee Ob Re eee nee” EPSRe |. 20s... ofS a|e see BIBT Lal eee = 108.5 DOf sce cer: Borneo, Kapuas River} 49772 | Male....].....]..-.-|.....]------ 103.6 IDO See eee lUEe es (3 Foyer Seapets oa ehin 142345 |e aed Osesan ns cctel ae ceeleeeen| eee 96.7 Yo hated ite Pre rae Hee C6 {0 eae eS See EY 142346 | Female -} 545 | 85] 140] 4.6 | 100.8 Dost Aes tre Borneo, Matan River. -}| 145345 | Male. 565 | 85] 157} 4.1 | 105.5 ID Osea eee Borneo, Kendawan- | 153753 |...do-...-. 525 | 65] 147) 3.2] 104.9 gan River. IDO sade tasers noes (eee ane aaeecss 153743 | Female -| 560 |... .- 148 | 4.5 | 107.0 IDO: eeessheenel ace Cleo seems semen N5SCODN| ee Oseeee 531 85 | 143 2.8 | 101.1 DON GR eae tee Borneo, Saratok River | 151811 | Male 545 | 83] 147] 4.0] 108.5 1DYa eae ae ee Borneo, Pamukang | 151813 |...do....- 550 | 90] 140] 3.5] 104.0 Bay. 1DY ease ae aL eee dose eee eee 151814 |...do..... 565 | 70] 148] 3.7 | 111.0 ID OS eee eer ae Borneo, Balik Papan | 154344 |...do....-. 535) | 100!) 14 2a esse 107.0 ay. DO Ee easter alaeses OO ass cemccsoecece 1543465 |SeeGOseee DOOR nO) el aon | eee 105. 0 DOreeo-c eee ous |b eee dotaser hoses 154345 | Female .} 572] 98 | 147 |....-- 105.5 DOtsessese wee BulosWautee-s-ees--2- 151798 | Male. HoOn| = Ont 5 On| seen 101.3 dD Yee tae ere | SES GORE eee tees 151800 |...do..... 520} 80] 145] 3.2 | 100.7 DOS Serene Pama GOsS ese accesses 1518020 |eeGOneese 550 | 80/148] 3.5 | 103.0 TD Oe ee oe aa OW Se ee esssseeas see 151806): do- 225: 525 90 | 144 3.3 | 101.0 DOVE een rani: Sem does s8 Sateeeesatne 1518087|eead0lse.- 532 | 80} 141] 3.6 | 101.6 WO -2ee eae st eee oss. eae 151796 | Female.| 520} 80 | 146 ]..._-.. 106.4 LO Neer see | St oe dot kaa eee ae T5101 Sa dosese= 570 83 | 152 4.2 | 103.4 DORE as eres Henne GO es ee oes ec ee 151803i9|2--G02-.-5 572) 75 |) 495) aa) Ob 7,
1 Collector’s measurements.
2Measured by writer. 8 Collector’s measurements in pounds and quarters computed into kilograms. 4 Type. 5 This measurement can be considered approximate only.
TRAGULUS KANCHIL LONGIPES Lyon.
| Zygomatic width.
Maxillary toothrow (al- veoli)
1907. Tragulus hosei, Lyon (not of Bonhote), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 549, December 24, 1907. 1908. Tragulus kanchil longipes Lyon, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 628, September 14, 1908.
Doctor Abbott has collected a total of twenty-five specimens of T’ra- gulus of the kanchil group in western and southwestern Borneo and one in southeastern Borneo. Kapuas River, 1; Sempang River, 9; Batu Jurong, 1; Kendawangan It is with much hesitation that I have referred them to T'ragulus kanchil longipes, the type-locality of which is the lowlands of eastern Sumatra, but I can find no essential
River, 14, and Balik Papan Bay, 1.
The following localities are represented:
NO. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY--LYON. 67
differences, however, between them. The necks of the Bornean speci- mens are perhaps not so brightly colored as are those of the Sumatran examples. Only one Bornean skin, Cat. No. 153740, from the Ken- dawangan River, has a distinct yellowish coloration, resembling the Tragulus fulvicollis * type, instead of several such specimens, as in the case of the Sumatran series. The length of hind foot, including the hoof, is essentially the same in the two series, and it is distinctly longer than it is in the typical Sumatran kanchils from Aru Bay and Tapanuli Bay. (See table of measurements, p. 68.) A careful study of this table shows that the range of variation of the Bornean skulls is slightly ereater than that of typical kanchil skulls from Sumatra; and that the skulls of males and females in Borneo are of essentially the same size, the males showing, however, more variation. In the Sumatran series, on the contrary, the skulls of females average larger than do those of the males.
The relationship of the present series of kanchils from southwestern Borneo with Tragulus hosec (Bonhote)? of northern Borneo is not at all clear. The latter species is represented in the National Museum by the type of 7’. virgicollis Miller * and two poor skins, badly made up and much discolored by a salt-and-alum pickling fluid, from north- ern Borneo. The skulls of these three specimens are indistinguishable from skulls of 7’. kanchil or T. kanchil longipes. The skins, however, show the nape stripe to be darker, narrower, and better defined than it is in any of the Sumatran or west Bornean specimens. The Mount Dulit specimen has rather long hind feet; the hind feet of the other two from north Borneo appear shorter, but reliable measurements can not be taken from them.
At present, judging by the material at hand, I believe that three forms of small Tragulus occur in Sumatra and Borneo: 7’. kanchil kanchil, from northern and western Sumatra; 7’. kanchil longipes, from the swampy lowlands of eastern Sumatra and the swampy low- lands of western and southwestern Borneo; 7’. kanchil hosei, from northern Borneo.
(For measurements see table, p. 68.)
TRAGULUS CARIMATZ Miller.
1906. Tragulus carimatx Mituer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 55, July 23, 1906.
Four specimens of a kanchil taken on Pulo Panebangan may be referred to Tragulus carimate Miller. The skins average darker and the nape stripe wider and darker than they do in specimens from the mainland of Borneo. Of the four specimens only one is adult. It
1Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 630, September 14, 1908. Type-locality, Pulo Bengkalis, off east coast of Sumatra.
2Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 239, March 1903.
3 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 16, p. 37, March 19, 1903.
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , VoL. 40.
has the long maxillary tooth-row of 7. carimate. Sixteen specimens
from Karimata in 1904.
Measurements of the adult, Cat. No. 145352, male: Head and body, 475 mm.; tail, 78; hind foot, including hoofs, 125; weight, 2.2 kilos; condylo-basal length of skull, 90.2; zygomatic width, 44.1; maxillary tooth-row, alveoli, 35.
,
Measurements of adult kanchils.
= ' EI s Ss EB ne = o aq = . q Bo ~ Cata- ee en aa/ 8 3 = Name. Locality. logue Sex. B PSY) ea E So No. = ote cover | ae} ll 2 q Om oO, } ics a & aie | 8 la uo) Satya ee) Om ines si) 2S | 2) Se 3 ° pm Cie |e | elo nN | mm.|mm.| mm.|kilos.; mm, | mm. | mm. 143488 | Male....| 442 | 75 | 123 | 1.7 | 86.0 | 43.0 | 31.7 143489 |...do..... 456 | 70 | 126 | 1.5 | 87.4 | 43.3 | 32.0 143492 |...do....- 445 | 65 | 116 | 1.7 | 84.0 | 43.5 | 30.6 143497 |...do..... 460) ||| 70s 1225 |e 87.5 | 48.3 | 33.0 143493 | Female..| 470 | 80 | 125 | 1.8 | 88.6 | 45.0 | 33.3 143494 |...do..... 450:'| 70} 120 |..... 88. 25 teeee 30.5 143495 |...do....- 455 | 75 | 114] 1.9 | 90.3 | 44.7 | 34.4 143496 |...do....- 490 | 85 | 128) 2.2 | 92.2 | 45.7 | 32.9 143498 |...do..... 457 TAU | AVAL We 89.9 | 438.2 | 32.9 143499 |...do....- 470 | 80 | 124 | 2.2 | 91.4 | 42.9 | 32.2 114419 | Male....} 432 75 | 117 | 1.6 | 84.4 | 40.6 | 31.7 114420) |So adores. 442 | 95 | 129 | 1.6 | 85.9 | 41.8 | 32.7 114427 |...do....- 430 | 70 | 123 | 1.6 | 87.0 | 41.7 | 33.0 114426 |...do..... 425 | 60 | 121 | 1.5 | 85.8 | 41.6} 31.3 114421 | Female..| 468 | 80 | 128 | 1.8 | 88.7 | 42.4 | 32.2 1442290 Pe sdorees= 457 | 80 | 128] 1.8 | 86.6 | 42.2 | 33.4 44230 Sead oseee 470 75 | 121 | 1.8 | 84.4 | 41.4 | 31.5 | 114424 |...do..-.-. 465 | 70 | 122 | 1.8 | 87.5 | 42.5 | 33.8 MEO Rano ERs 55\55aec|ssecslles585|lsac0n 87.3 | 39.9 | 32.0 Tan OSCtseneee eee Borne: Kinabatangan | 42393 | Male....|.....|-..-- 4126 | 7.252 92.4 | 46.5 | 31.3 iver. IW@}snooqsesacace Borneo, Sandakan.....- 49362 | Female .|.....|...-- saa eee 87.7 | 43.0 | 33.0 DOM eeeckea2e50 Borneo, Mount Dulit....| 583941 | Male....|.....].-.-- 133) ss cawino ees pees eee T.k. longipes......-- Borneo, Kapuas River. .| 142348 |...do..... AS2 Renee 135 | 2.2 | 88.2 | 43.6 | 34.3 IDX, Seg ocoseeare Borneo, Sempang River.’ 145354 |...do...-| 475 | 77 | 142 | 1.9 | 86.4 | 43.5 | 32.8 d ows TE AAU eee 92.4 | 43.8 | 30.4 75 | 139 | 1.6 | 84.1 | 41.7 | 30.2 77 | 144 | 2.0 | 91.4 | 42.1 | 32.8 60))| 189) 22522 88.0 | 41.2 | 30.4 60) 133s een. 84.9 | 43.4 | 29.9 10} | 1483 Fen. 93.8 | 43.9 | 31.0 Tos 140 sleeeee 86.3 | 41.7 | 30.0 xc ae US WARY Noe see 85.4 | 40.3 | 33.8 IDO) cconseedosue Bone, Kendawangan | 153740 | Male....) 450 | 75 | 181 |.-..- 89.9 | 42.9 | 32.2 iver. DOs escremteeicies ete eee Ob ye ecient ceeece eee 53742) |eendobes.r 445) | ifonlloon sees 87.5 | 42.0 | 33.8 DORs see csemaaleseee dovseabsteee sade 15374472 22d0rccs. 445) 6d 130) hese 88.3 | 42.5 | 31.7 DOe es <2 ninie)-|e == Ole Sad ncensadosneccs 6153748 |...do....- 450 | 85 /1133 |....- 92.2 | 42.4 | 32.4 IDG Ree eeeenetred sancae OO emo s Soe ea 6153752 |. -do....- 455u|e 60) |b koosleeaee 84.2 | 40.8 | 29.4 DOnGea oastecre| see 6 lo ee erie ees 15 S754 Pee GO see eau ecl ence | seeets eee 81.5 | 40.3 | 29.9 IDG seenocosecoed atc. GOue cease Jae 153739 | Female..| 465 | 75 | 127 |..... 88.8 | 40.6 | 34.0 IDG ee amseme eee beags Govin’ vemsencceeeene L53s7AbuEadolenee AQP (Goi 2o nl esas 82.5 | 40.4 | 30.4 DORIS oe ceeeen oes ce CO Ro eee ate carte ee nw W5STA9N | eed Ob seee eee eeeee 135) |eecee 88.4 | 41.8 | 32.2 IDG BE a aasceaorad| Boeoe dosseee shoo Seesocer 15375 1m eeadossees 460). 75 128i ees 87.7 | 43.0 | 32.6 ID OSs mee tec Borneo; Balik Papan | 154350 | Male...-| 460 | 85 | 126 |...-- 89.0 | 44.0 | 32.4 ay.
1 Collector’s measurements.
2 Measured by writer.
3 Collector’s measurements in pounds and quarters computed to kilograms. 4 Measurements only approximate.
5 Type of Tragulus virgicollis,
6 Skulls only.
NO. 1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON. 69
RUSA BROOKEI (Hose).
1893. Cervus brookei Hosr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 12, p. 206.
1906. Rusa brookei, Lyon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 31, p. 585, December 18, 1906.
1907. Rusa brookei, Lyon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 550, December 24, 1907.
Twenty-three individuals of Rusa brookei are represented in Doctor Abbott’s recent collections from southwestern and southeastern Bor- neo, sixteen of them by antlers obtained from natives, and four by skins and skulls, and the remaining three by skulls and scalps. Two specimens were obtained along the Kapuas River in 1905. (For exact localities and the external, cranial, and antler measurements see tables, p. 70.)
It is possible that more than one species is represented by this material. The skulls of the male specimens from southeastern Bor- neo average somewhat smaller than the skull of a fully adult male from the Sempang River. The skins of those from southeastern Borneo are decidedly different from that obtained in southwestern Borneo, but the difference is probably one of pelage. It is seen most clearly on the lower back. In the Sempang skin the color appears uniformly dark brownish, although the hairs are very light in color at the base; none of the hairs are annulated. In the specimens from southeastern Borneo the color is very bright and ‘‘reddish,’’ and a distinct grizzling is conspicuous. The individual hairs are almost whitish at their bases, gradually changing to a dark brownish about the middle portion, followed by a well-marked bright hazel ring and a blackish terminal band. A more or less well-defined blackish-brown stripe extends along the back of the animal. The pelage difference appears to be independent of season. The three specimens showing the grizzling were collected in February, April, and November, respectively; the dark ungrizzled skin was collected in August.
The single specimen from Pulo Laut shows no noteworthy differ- ence from the mainland individuals.
Generally common, especially about Pamukang Bay. Those found on Pulo Laut had much finer horns than those on the mainland. Two heads obtained at Pamukang Bay have extremely poor horns, but they are certainly not immature. Probably
the food is better on Laut. There is good pasturage there. The carcasses of deer from both places are about the same size.—W. L. A.
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vou. 40. External and cranial measurements of Bornean sambars. =) hal a F 3 Re a: a eee Cata- g 5 sell we rs Locality. logue Sex Age. & Pe eI 45/3 No. od + ~~ 2 a — — 5 s| 2 | 3/4 eae s = » ee = ao) ma 1g a ‘Sh 4] ro) ates 3 = joy s rz Sb CP) ) {| o a Gs ag q a | q q = S) a iN mm. |mm.| mm.) mm. \kilos.| mm.) mm.) mm. Sempang River....... 145369 | Male....)| Nearly adult -.| 1,720 | 320 | 570 980i} tees 339 | 107 | 124 eS SaeaEe ane 145370 |...do..... KGuilt ee eeaee ales Ba pidtecsclek =. lay ies 364 | 103 | 134 Saratok River........ 151859 | Female#}.._.. do. 1,780 | 290 | 540 | 1,050 | £91 | 338 | 104 | 138 Pamukane Bays.ssa-4|e lol S60) Malet ssi @ deems oe |e |e eel | Se eee 333 | 90] 133 D : 1518618 Sand oseee Adult, young.| 1,600 | 240 | 480 | 1,040 |..... 320 | 103 | 136 154382 | Female .|..... do 1,670 96} 134 151858 |/...do..... Adult 97 | 136
RUSA KUHLII (Miiller and Schlegel).
1839-44. Cervus kuhlii MiLueER AND ScuHLeGen, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl.
Bezitt., p. 223.
Three pairs of antlers of this small deer were brought back by
Doctor Abbott, from the island of Bawean, the type-locality.
(For
measurements see the last three specimens mentioned in the table
below.)
Measurements of antlers of Sambars from Borneo and Pulo Bawean.
Cireum- | Circum- | Length | Burr to Cata- | ference of| ference of| of antler | tip of Locality. logue. antler antler along | brow tine No. above above |convexity|along con- burr. |browtine.| of curve. | vexity mm.? mm.? mm.* mm.? Upper Senmipante Riverssse ye eee eee eee 145369 | 80 (8)| 65 (8)| 281 (8)} (9) (8) EDO Bee ees ee oye Cen ea en See ta 145370 | 154 143 | 109 102 | 370 406 | 122 115 PoloyBatwalesce 4.2 50.-a sso erent 153773 | 146 147 | 107 107 | 412 410 | 234 236 Kendawanganthiverz ioe sce ee an seen 153774 | 175 178 | 131 1380 | 409 395 | 128 122 164 160] 118 115 | 435 442 | 208 217 136 135] 100 95 | 394 405 | 215 212 112 111] 93 90) 4385 423 | 167 161 172 177 | 102 105 | 415 407 | 200 187 145 146 | 122 116 | 416 405 | 235 239 145 142) 160 103 | 496 467 | 147 188 WL 75) 122, @t)| 450 195 | 215 G4) 163 163 | 108 103 | 466 440 | 245 248 220 (18)| 178 (8) |.445 (13)] 218 (13) 200 204 | 167 170 | 4382 485 | 205 233 167 163 | 148 146 | 545 562 | 200 195 25S RAPE SeE NORE Ans ee im ghee aoe See S 151857 | 157 167 | 110 110} 436 435 | 240 230 legzhaalibiltezh ald 8 {hy Aa ete ae eee eran le | hile n 14151860 | 98 98} 82 81] 319 341] 68 60 Cah ESD SASH rose aS eee mete eee ane 151861 | 101 100) 85 81) 287 274] 105 95 UippemRasinyRivenss tesa saan stern ne 154413 | 172 173 | 189 139 | 438 435 | 6) 255 Saratai Raver. iacc oes saa leet nee aaa 154414 | 150 149 | 120 112 | 472 485] 185 172 iBaweanslslandeesscar cnc cee re eee eae 151853 | 95 95] 62 64] 324 315] 118 110 DO) Seyi se ee eee oe RS Hie Ranta ai 151854 | 112 115) 75 75) 372 874] 192 165 ED) Os Ss ey eS ea RR ME ek 151855 | 102 105 | 70 70} 354 358] 142 136 1 Collector’s measurements. 10 A bsent.
*Collector’s figures in pounds computed to kilo-
grams.
8 Last molars about half way through alveoli.
4Embryo in uterus. 5 Estimated by collector. 6 Gutted.
7 First figure, left antler; second, right antler.
8 Broken off.
11 Spike antler on right side.
12 A two pointed tine.
13 A left dropped antler only. M4 Fully adult as judged by toothwear, but note
small size of antlers. 15 Antlers deformed. 16 Broken.
®Tmmature, last molars just coming through, brow tine alone present.
Tip of apical tine to its
no.1809. MAMMALS FROM BORNEO AND VICINITY—LYON. val
MUNTIACUS PLEIHARICUS Kohlbrugge.
1896. Cervulus pletharicus KouiBruaer, Natuurk Tijdschr. Nederlandsch- Indié, vol. 55, p. 192, and plate facing p. 260. Type-locality, Pleihari, southeastern Borneo.
In 1906! I described as new a muntjac from the island of Banka, comparing it with specimens of Muntiacus moschatus from Sumatra, and with three Bornean muntjacs. At that time I assumed that there was only one species of muntjac on Borneo and used Kohl- brugge’s name pletharicus for it, thinking that the antlers he figured were slight variations from the normal type and having seen a pair of similar looking antlers from Tenasserim. Two of those Bornean specimens are females and the third is a pair of antlers from the Sakaiam River. With the much more abundant material that has been collected by Doctor Abbott in Borneo, I quite agree with Kohlbrugge that two distinct forms of muntjac occur on Borneo, and now consider that the two female specimens were correctly identified as M. pleiharicus in 1906, but that the single pair of antlers do not represent M. pleiharicus but belong to a species to be described below and of which the Banka animal is merely